Term
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Definition
| detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave. |
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Term
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Definition
| light transmitted through pupil to retina at the back of the eye; photoreceptors trigger electrical changes in neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| sensative to low intensity light; don't discriminate colors; used mostly at night. |
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Term
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Definition
| require more light for stimulation; detect color; fewer cones than rods in human retina. |
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Definition
| Vitamin A derivatice that absorbs light energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rhodopsin and cone pigments. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| humans have 3 (red, green, and blue) distinct photopsins, some species have less, birds have 5. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| body cavity with a single opening to the outside. |
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Definition
| transport fluid; blood vessels; one or more pumps. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hemolymph can't be selectively directed to different tissues/areas of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| single blood circuit; single atrium collects blood from tissues; single ventricle pumps blood out of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| two distinct blood circuit; systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| to the body. Body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmocutaneous Circulation |
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Definition
| respiratory surfaces of lungs and skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood that has been through the body and is low in oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| separates atria and ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| pacemaker; collection of modified cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| atria contract and ventricles fill. |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricules contract and blood is ejected from the heart. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Platelets or Thrombocytes |
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Definition
| role in formation of blood clots. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conduct blood away from the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller in diameter, branches of arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest and narrowest, thinnest walled vessels in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| collect fluid that is not captured and return it to the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| capillaries come together to drain venules; thin walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| thinner and less elastic than arteries; need help returning blood to the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the body surfaces of animals. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Invertebrates with one or a few cell layers |
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Definition
| can use diffusion for gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| body surfaces may be permeable. |
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Term
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Definition
| vary widely in appearance but all have a large surface area. |
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Definition
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Definition
| branch off of gill arches. |
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Definition
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Definition
| lead to tracheae that branch into tracheoles terminating near every body cell. |
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Term
| Muscular Movements of Body |
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Definition
| draw air into and out of tracheae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scorpions and some spiders; have books lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| intercostals contract to move chest wall up and out, diaphragm contracts and drops down-thoracic cavity enlarges, pressure drops. |
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Term
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Definition
| product of protein and nucleic acid degradation. |
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Term
| Ammonia and Ammonium Ions |
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Definition
| most toxic of nitrogenous wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| less toxic so it does not need as large a volume of water for excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| less toxic than Ammonia; most energetically costly than urea to make from ammonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| simplest filtration mechanism in invertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| help to rid the body of excess water. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in annelids; collect coelomic fluid containing nitrogenous wastes, dissolved solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in insects; not a filtration system. |
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Term
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Definition
| tubular network beginning in funnel like structure called |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized tubules composed of epithelial cells that actively transport sodium and other ions for salt and water homeostasis and nitrogenous waste elimination. |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| performs secretion and reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
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Definition
| the rate of filtrate production by kidneys. |
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Term
| Distal Convoluted Tubules |
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Definition
| empty into collecting ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| permeable to water but not solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| not permeable to water and actively transports salts out. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the specific characteristics of individual organisms, and how these characteristics contribute to survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| tolerance/adaptation to changes in environmental conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| migration; foraging behaviors; social interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal patterns and mate choice. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of interbreeding individuals present in a particular area. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on how groups of different species interact, and form communities with distinct characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms in an area along with abiotic environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities. |
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Term
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Definition
| number of organisms in a given unit area. |
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Term
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Definition
| most common; resources tend to be clustered in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| competition may cause this pattern; may also result from social interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| rarest; resources are rarely randomly spaced; may occur where resources are common and abundant. |
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Term
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Definition
| plots numbers of surviving individuals for a particular age cohort. |
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Term
| Type 1 Survivorship Curve |
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Definition
| rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals survive until later in life. |
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Term
| Type 2 Survivorship Curve |
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Definition
| fairly uniform death rate over the lifespan. |
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Term
| Type 3 Survivorship Curve |
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Definition
| rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors. |
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Term
| Age-Specific Fertility Rate |
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Definition
| proportion of female offspring born to females of particular ages. |
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Term
| Age-Specific Survivorship Rate |
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Definition
| contribution of each age class to overall population growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| overall growth rater per generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce all offspring in single reproductive event, individuals reproduce once and die. |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons. |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct breeding seasons. |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduce repeatedly at any time of the year. |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals reproduce once, then die. |
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Term
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Definition
| resources not limiting, rapid growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| resources limiting, limits to growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| succeed due to high rate of per capita population growth, r. |
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Term
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Definition
| have reproductive and growth strategies that allow populations to exist for long periods at or near carrying capacity, K. |
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Term
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Definition
| increases water retention. |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of parent organism pinches off the form complete new individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| development of offspring from unfertilized eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the union of haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| two separate sexes (one produces sperm, the other eggs). |
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Term
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Definition
| "one house", hermaphroditism; both male and female reproductive systems present. |
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Term
| Synchronous Hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| individual simultaneously male and female. |
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Term
| Sequential Hermaphroditism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| female first (clownfish). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| embryo develops withing the mother, derive nourishment from mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| embryo develops inside an egg that is layed outside the mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| eggs covered in a thin shell hatch inside mother but receive no nourishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| provide nutrients and protection to developing sperm. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone. |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating Hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates sertolli cells and spermatogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genitalia differentiate from the same embryonic tissue as male genitalia. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| develops and secretes progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| glands develop that secrete nutritive substances to sustain embryo for first 2 weeks. |
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Term
| Acrosomal Reaction of the sperm |
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Definition
| enzymes dissolve region of jelly-like layer allowing sperm to contract the plasma membrane of the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion depolarizes egg membrane so that no more sperm may enter. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical signal released into egg causes release of intracellular calcium. |
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Term
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Definition
| half-size daughter cells produced at each division. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hollow ball of cells with fluid filled cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled cavity within blastula. |
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Term
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Definition
| where yolk is more concentrated in the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| where there is less yolk and more cytoplasm in the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| complete cell division creating 2 equal sized blastomeres in the first division. |
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Term
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Definition
| only the animal pole undergoes cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| form epithelial lining of gut, liver, pancreas, lungs, and bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms heart, limbs, muscles, kidneys, blood, and connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms epidermis and nervous system. |
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