Term
| Which three features do all respiratory organs share? |
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Definition
| Moist surfaces and a large surface area (both for gas exchange), and an extensive blood supply. |
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Term
| Which type of animal (aquatic or terrestrial) have less available oxygen? |
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Definition
| Aquatic animals have less available oxygen. |
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Term
| Why does oxygen availability fluctuate when temperatures change in water? |
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Definition
| The partial pressure of oxygen is less in water than in air. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The drying out of respiratory membranes |
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Term
| Why does respiration take more effort for aquatic animals than for terrestrial animals? |
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Definition
| Water is denser than air, so moving water over respiratory membranes takes more effort than moving air over respiratory membranes. |
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Term
| What are three specialized exchange surfaces? |
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Definition
| Gills, tracheae (insects), and lungs |
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Term
| Two limitations of external gills |
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Definition
| Unprotected and subject to damage, and the appearance and motion may attract predators |
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Term
| Where are Fish gills protected? (internal) |
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Definition
| Opercular cavity covered by the operculum |
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Term
| In internal gills, oxygen poor blood travels through _________, and oxygen rich blood travels through ___________. |
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Definition
| afferent vessel, efferent vessel |
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Term
| In internal gills, blood flows in which direction relative to water? |
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Definition
| Blood flows in the opposite direction as water flow because it allows for more efficient gas exchange. |
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Term
| In insects, what draws air into and out of the tracheae? |
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Definition
| Muscular movements draw air into and out of the tracheae. |
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Term
| In insects, how does oxygen get to the body cells? |
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Definition
| Oxygen diffuses directly from air to tracheae to tracheoles to body cells. |
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Term
| The book lungs in Arachnids resemble what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are lungs filled using positive or negative pressure? |
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Definition
| Actually, lungs may be filled using either positive or negative pressure. |
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Term
| Lungs can be ventilated using what two systems? |
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Definition
| Tidal or flow-through systems |
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Term
| Most amphibians' lungs are what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of pressure do amphibians use to fill their lungs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do amphibians create positive pressure to force air into their lungs? |
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Definition
| First, an amphibian lowers its bottom jaw to create a pressure gradient to suck air in, then it constricts the muscles in its mouth to force the air into its lungs. |
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Term
| Avian air sacs do not participate in _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| In Avians, how does the blood flow with respect to air movement? |
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Definition
| Blood flows crosscurrent with respect to air movement. |
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Term
| Air flow in mammals is ___________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the purpose of the mucus in the mammalian nose? |
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Definition
| The mucus in the nose cleans the air of dust. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Glottis (opening to trachea) protected by epiglottis, rings of cartilage, cilia and mucus trap particles |
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Term
|
Definition
| surrounded by circular muscle to dilate or constrict passage |
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Term
|
Definition
| small pouches, site of gas exchange |
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Term
| What are three characteristics of Alveoli? |
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Definition
| One cell thick walls, the inner surface coated with extracellular fluid for gases to dissolve, surfactant chemicals reduce surface tension, prevent alveoli from collapsing |
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Term
| Reptiles, birds, and mammals use what type of ventilation? |
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Definition
| Negative pressure ventilation |
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Term
| How does negative pressure work? |
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Definition
| Volume of thoracic cavity expands, creating negative pressure, and air is drawn into lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intercostals contract to move chest wall up and out, diaphragm contracts and drops down - thoracic cavity enlarges, pressure drops, air sucked in |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intercostals and diaphragm relax - thoracic cavity compressed, pressure increases, air pushed out |
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Term
|
Definition
| Salts that dissociate in solution into charged ions |
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Term
| What does Electrolyte imbalance do? |
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Definition
| Imbalance can alter membrane potential or disrupt other cellular activities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Water movement between adjacent body compartments across a semi-permeable membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total concentration of dissolved solute in molecules (in moles) per Liter |
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Term
| Water moves by osmosis from areas of ____ osmolarity to areas of ______ osmolarity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Copious dilute urine is produced by ________ in freshwater fish. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized gill epithelial cells transport __________ and _________ from water into freshwater fish's capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Saltwater fish, water is lost during osmoregulation primarily across the _________, and produce very little urine. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of fish expends energy to transport excess salt out of body through gill epithelial cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When a marine invertebrate or cartilagenous fish maintains body fluid osmolarity similar to the surrounding seawater. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organ acts like a filter to remove water and small solutes from blood while leaving behind blood cells and large solutes, and produces a filtrate that is moved into excretory tubules. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Desirable material in filtrate is recaptured and returned to blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Additional solutes moved into filtrate by active transport mechanisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Filtrate containing waste products and non-reabsorbed solutes released from the body. |
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Term
| What is the simplest filtration mechanism in invertebrates? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In flatworms, __________ mainly diffuse out of the body. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Series of branching tubules filters fluids from body cavity using beating of ciliated cells (flame cells) |
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Term
| Metanephridia collect _______________ and other dissolved solutes. |
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Definition
| coelomic fluid containing nitrogenous wastes |
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Term
| In metanephridia,nitrogenous wastes and excess solutes excreted through ___________ in body wall |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Malpighian tubules are found in ________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Malpighian tubules create osmotic gradient by _______________________. |
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Definition
| Drawing water into tubule. |
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Term
| Kidney is composed of what three main parts? |
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Definition
| Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis |
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Term
|
Definition
| The functional units of the kidney |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rate |
|
Definition
| Rate of filtrate production by kidneys |
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|
Term
| 3 segments of nephron tubule |
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Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule. |
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|
Term
| Descending Loop of Henle permeable to __________ but not to ___________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Ascending loop of Henle ___________ to water and actively transports salts out. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower solute concentration in cortex and outer medulla, higher solute concentration in inner medulla |
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|
Term
| Aldosterone is released by _____________ |
|
Definition
| By the adrenal gland when activation of stretch receptors in heart atria is reduced. |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone acts on _______________. |
|
Definition
| distal convoluted tubule cells to stimulate active transport of 3 molecules of Na+ out of tubule (reabsorption) for every 2 molecules of K + brought into tubule (secretion) |
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|
Term
| Water from tubule lumen follows ____________________. |
|
Definition
| Na+ by osmosis into tissue fluid, then blood |
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|
Term
| ADH increases _______________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH acts to ___________________. |
|
Definition
| increase the number of aquaporins (water channels) in the collecting duct membranes |
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|
Term
| ADH increases ____________________. |
|
Definition
| aquaporins allow water to leave the collecting duct more rapidly, so urine becomes more concentrated more quickly. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes |
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|
Term
| Aesexual reproduction is more prevalent in species that live _____________________. |
|
Definition
| in stable environments (with little advantage of genetic diversity) |
|
|
Term
| 3 main advantages to aesexual reproduction: |
|
Definition
Can reproduce asexually even if isolated,
Can reproduce rapidly,
All individuals can produce offspring |
|
|
Term
| 2 major forms of aesexual reproduction: |
|
Definition
| Budding and parthenogenesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portion of parent organism pinches off to form complete new individual |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs |
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|
Term
| Some animals can produce both sexually and _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Production of a new individual by the joining of 2 haploid gametes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the union of haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote |
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|
Term
| Sexual reproduction allows for: |
|
Definition
| greater genetic variation in offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more rapid adaptation of a species to environmental changes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both male and female reproductive systems present |
|
|
Term
| Two types of hermaphroditism: |
|
Definition
| Synchronous and Sequential |
|
|
Term
| Synchronous Hermaphroditism: |
|
Definition
| individual simultaneously male and female (snails, earthworms, certain fish species ) |
|
|
Term
| Sequential Hermaphroditism: |
|
Definition
sex reversal:
Protogynous – female first (clownfish species)
Protandrous – male first (angelfish species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eggs and sperm are released in close proximity (usually, aquatic environments) |
|
|
Term
| Species specific behaviors sometimes used to: |
|
Definition
| increase likelihood of egg/sperm encounter |
|
|
Term
| Another factor in external fertilization used to increase chances of encounter, helps to overcome predation: |
|
Definition
| Usually releasing very large amounts of eggs or sperm at once. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Sperm deposited within female reproductive tract during copulation |
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|
Term
| Internal fertilization protects: |
|
Definition
| delicate gametes from environmental hazards and predation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryo develops within the mother, derive nourishment from mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embryo develops inside an egg that is layed outside the mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs covered in a thin shell retained inside mother but receive no (or little) nourishment from the mother |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| External genitalia consist of penis and scrotum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testes where sperm develop at 2°C lower than core body temperature |
|
|
Term
| Each testes composed primarily of: |
|
Definition
| coiled seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| walls of seminiferous tubules, released into lumen |
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|
Term
| Sertoli cells in walls of seminferous tubules provide: |
|
Definition
| Nutrients and protection to developing sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sperm about 5% of volume
Fluid from seminal vesicles (fructose), bulbourethral glands (alkaline mucus), and prostate gland (protective fluid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) made by hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acts on Sertoli cells and germ cells to stimulate spermatogenesis
Stimulates growth of male reproductive tract and genitalia during development and puberty
Stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics – facial hair, horns on bulls, bright feathers of peacocks |
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