Term
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Definition
| have brains with several subdivisions with separate functions |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| consists of neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheral nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function |
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Definition
| myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves connected directly to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves that run from various locations in the body to the spinal cord |
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Term
| stretching of stretch receptors alters proteins in cell membrane causing _______ and causing membrane to ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanoreceptors are _____ or ______ |
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Definition
| neurons; epithelial cells |
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Term
| physically touching or deforming a ________ opens ion channels in the plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stretching of stomach wall is interpreted as fullness and stretching in blood vessels provides blood pressure information are examples |
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Term
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Definition
| resemble hairs in hair cells |
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Term
| neurotransmitter-containing vesicles |
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Definition
| influenced by membrane potential changes in hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters can trigger action potentials in these |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the vertebrate ear and equilibrium organs; body surface of fish; some amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch receptors and hair cells are examples |
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Term
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Definition
| sense touch and light pressure; lie just beneath the surface of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| located deep beneath the surface of the skin; respond to deep pressure and vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles are examples |
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Term
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Definition
| hair cells that detect changes in water currents; cilia of hair cells protrude into cupula structure within lateral line canal system; when cupula moves, cilia bend, and neurotransmitter is released |
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Term
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Definition
| skin receptors, lateral line system, audition |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to detect and interpret sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from peak to peak of sound wave |
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Term
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Definition
| number of complete waves in a second (Hz) |
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Term
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Definition
| high frequencies perceived as high pitch/tone |
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Term
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Definition
| low frequencies perceived as low pitch |
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Term
| 3 compartments of the mammalian ear |
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Definition
| outer ear; middle ear; inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| pina and auditory canal; separated from middle ear by eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) connect ear drum to oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| cochlea (audition) and vestibular system (equilibrium, balance, proprioception) |
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Term
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Definition
| connects to pharynx, equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| equilibrium/proprioception |
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Definition
| ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| send positional information in aquatic invertebrates |
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Term
| vestibular system in vertebrates |
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Definition
| located in inner ear next to cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| senses horizontal movements of head |
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Term
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Definition
| senses vertical movements of head |
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Term
| calcium carbonate otoliths |
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Definition
| lag behind and bend cilia, changing the membrane potential, when the head moves |
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Term
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Definition
| detect motion in three dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| incoming stimuli (chemical or physical stimuli from animal's body or the external environment) are converted into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious awareness of sensations; not all sensations are consciously perceived by and organism |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells; either neurons or epithelial cells |
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Term
| intensity of sensory stimuli |
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Definition
| amount of cell membrane depolarization directly related to intensity of stimulus (graded potential) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produced in a sensory neuron when a stimulus is strong enough and membrane is depolarized to threshold potential |
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Term
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Definition
| indicated by the frequency of action potentials generated |
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Term
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Definition
| generates more action potentials in a shorter amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| interprets higher frequency of action potentials as a more intense stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| transduce mechanical energy |
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Term
| electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
| detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
| detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| respond to specific chemicals |
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Term
| nociceptors/pain receptors |
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Definition
| respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including those wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
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Term
| examples of photoreception |
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Definition
| planaria; compound eyes of arthropods; echinoderms; single lens eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| simple visual organ; eye cup containing endings of photoreceptor cells detects presence or absence of light; layer of pigment casts shadows to detect direction of light; does not form visual images |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as photoreceptors and surround the rhabdom |
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Term
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Definition
| photoreceptors under lens |
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Term
| single lens eyes found in |
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Definition
| vertebrates, some mollusks (squid and octopus), some snails and annelids |
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Term
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Definition
| light transmitted through pupil to retina at back of the eye; photoreceptors trigger electrical changes in neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| strong outer connective tissue sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with sclera but thin and clear |
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Term
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Definition
| pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitive to low intensity light; do not discriminate colors; used mostly at night |
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Term
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Definition
| require more light for stimulation; detect color; fewer than rods |
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Term
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Definition
| modified type of neuron; outer segment contains pigment; inner segment contains nucleus and other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter filled with vesicles fuse with membrane, interact with post-synaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy |
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Term
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Definition
| rhodopsin and cone pigments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| humans have 3 (red, green, blue) distinct photopsins, some species have less, birds have 5 |
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Term
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Definition
| continuously released when depolarization occurs in unstimulated state |
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Term
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Definition
| proportional to the intensity of light |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| initiate signals that cause release of neurotransmitters when chemicals bind to them |
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Term
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Definition
| initiate electrical responses in neurons that extend axons into the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| highly variable; depends on the density of olfactory receptor cells (5 million in humans vs 220 million in dogs) |
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Term
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Definition
| have long cilia with specific receptors to bind to odor molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| action potentials sent here; located at base of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of chemosensory cells that detect particular molecules in food molecules dissolved in saliva; located in folds of tongue papillae; tips of sensory receptor cells in taste buds have microvilli that extend into taste pore |
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Term
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Definition
| structure or structures that serve one or more functions related to support, protection, locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle; water is nearly incompressible so hydrostatic pressure can be used to extend parts of the body |
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Term
| examples of hydrostatic skeletons |
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Definition
| cnidarians, echinoderms, earthworms |
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Term
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Definition
| external skeleton surrounding and protecting the body; vary in complexity, thickness, and durability; interior components connected to exoskeleton components for movements |
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Term
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Definition
| internal structures; do not protect body surface, only internal organs and other structures |
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Term
| examples of endoskeletons |
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Definition
| sponges (spicules), echinoderms (ossicles), vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| main longitudinal axis (skull, spinal column, ribs) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed where two or more bones come together |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement in several planes |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping of contractile cells bound together by connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| link bones to skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| amplifies the velocity of muscle shortening |
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Term
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Definition
| compose myofibril; contractile; composed of interdigitated protein fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel packed muscle cells; a group forms muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of thick (made of myosin) and thin (contain actin, troponin, tropomyosin) filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| junction of motor neurons axon and muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| have stored vesicles containing neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) |
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Term
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Definition
| region of muscle fiber under axon terminal that is folded to increase surface area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| released from sarcoplasmic reticulum after triggered when action potentials transmitted in muscle membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| invaginations of plasma membrane that conduct the action potential from the outer surface to inner regions |
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Term
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Definition
| mammalian hearts can generate their own periodic action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| hearts of arthropods that require electrical impulses from the nervous system |
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Term
| sinoatrial node (SA node) |
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Definition
| pacemaker; collection of modified cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| events that produce a single heart beat |
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Term
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Definition
| atria contract and ventricles fill (systemic blood pressure lowest) |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart (systemic blood pressure highest) |
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Term
| 4 components of vertebrate blood |
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Definition
| plasma, erythrocytes, platelets/thrombocytes, leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| water and solutes; functions in buffering, water balance, and cell transport; contains dissolved proteins, gases, minerals, nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| red blood cells; oxygen transported using hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation) |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells; defend body against infection/disease |
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Term
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Definition
| conduct blood away from heart; layers of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium |
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Term
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Definition
| branches of arteries; walls thinner than arteries, lack layer of connective tissue; have smooth muscle encircling; can dilate or constrict to control blood distribution to tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest and narrowest, thinnest walled vessels in the body; site of gas and nutrient/waste exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth walls; permit less water and solute movements |
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Term
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Definition
| have openings; allow for movement of considerable water and small solutes through walls |
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Term
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Definition
| collects fluid that is not captured and returns it to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| thinner and less elastic than arteries; return blood back to the heart with assistance from: smooth muscle contractions; squeezed by skeletal muscles; flow directed by unidirectional valve |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to gas exchange processes in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between air and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 21% oxygen; 78% nitrogen; less than 1% carbon dioxide and other gases |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the body surfaces of animals |
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Term
| 2 types of transport/exchange systems |
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Definition
| gastrovascular and circulatory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| body cavity with a single opening to the outside; cnidarians (jellyfish, hydra); all of the animal's body cells located near the cavity or slender extensions from it; muscular efforts of body wall cause movement of fluid, increasing efficiency of exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| transports fluid (blood, hemolymph); blood vessels; one or more pumps (hearts) |
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Term
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Definition
| found in arthropods and some mollusks; vessels connected to heart open into animal's body cavity; fluid in vessels and interstitial fluid are the same; nutrients and metabolic waste exchanged by diffusion-between hemolymph-and body cells; in insects, no oxygen carrying pigments; tracheal system used for gas exchange; limitation: hemolymph cannot be selectively directed to different tissues/areas of the body |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| blood and interstitial fluid are physically separated; allow larger, more active animals higher to more efficiently pump blood to all body cells under high pressure; found in annelids, cephalopods, and all vertebrates |
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Term
| systemic circulatory system |
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Definition
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Term
| pulmonary circulatory system |
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Definition
|
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Term
| right atrium in amphibians and reptiles |
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Definition
| blood that has been throughout the body, not lungs, low on oxygen |
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Term
| left atrium in amphibians and reptiles |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| separates atria and ventricles |
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