Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Taste buds are clusters of chemosensory cells that detect particular molecules in food molecules dissolved in saliva. They are located in folds of tongue papillae. The tips of sensory receptor cells in taste buds have microvilli that extend into taste pore. |
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Term
| What are Meissner’s corpuscles? |
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Definition
| Mechanoreceptors in the skin that sense touch and light pressure. They lie just beneath skin surface, unlike the deeper Pacinian corpuscles. |
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Term
| What are Pacinian corpuscles? |
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Definition
| Mechanoreceptors in the skin that respond to deep pressure and vibration. They are located much deeper beneath the surface that Meissner's corpuscles. |
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Term
| Define "sensory transduction." |
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Definition
| Sensory transduction is the process by which incoming stimuli are converted into neural signals. |
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Term
| What is a "sensory receptor"? |
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Definition
| A sensory receptor recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells. |
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Term
| What is the CNS (central nervous system) of vertebrates? |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| What is the PNS (peripheral nervous system) of vertebrates? |
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Definition
| Neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheral nerves) |
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Term
| What is the difference between the nucleus and the ganglion? |
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Definition
| The nucleus is a cluster of neuron cell bodies involved in a similar function in the CNS, while a ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies involved in a similar function in the PNS. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a neural tract and a nerve? |
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Definition
| A tract is a myelinated axon that carries messages in the CNS, while a nerve is a myelinated axon that carries messages in the PNS. |
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Term
| What produces an action potential in a sensory neuron? |
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Definition
| An action potential is produced when a stimulus is strong enough to depolarize the membrane to its threshold potential. |
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Term
| Why do different stimuli produce different sensations? |
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Definition
| Different stimuli activate specific neural pathways that are dedicated to processing only that type of stimulus. |
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Term
| How do fish sense changes in water current? |
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Definition
| Some fish have a "lateral line system," which is a system of hair cells which protrude into the cupula of the lateral line organ. When the cupula is moved by the water, the cilia (hairs) bend and send neurotransmitter signals to the neuron, which then provides the information to the brain. |
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Term
| What is in the mammalian outer ear? |
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Definition
| The pinna (external ear) and the auditory canal. |
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Term
| What is in the mammalian middle ear? |
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Definition
| Three bones called ossicles: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. |
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Term
| What divides the mammalian outer ear from the middle ear? |
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Definition
| The timpanic membrane (eardrum) |
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Term
| What divides the mammalian inner ear from the middle ear? |
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Definition
| The oval window (a structure similar to the eardrum). |
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Term
| What is the Eustachian tube? |
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Definition
| The Eustachian tube connects between the middle ear and the pharynx. It helps to equalize the pressure of the middle ear with the atmosphere. |
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Term
| Explain how sound waves move through the ear. |
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Definition
| Sound waves first enter the outer ear, making the timpanic membrane vibrate back and forth. The vibration transfers to the ossicles, which move it through the oval window and the cochlea, where it is converted into a neural signal via hair cells and sent to the brain. |
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Term
| What is in the mammalian inner ear? |
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Definition
| The cochlea (a coiled structure containing hair cells which generate the responses that travel via the auditory nerve to the brain) and the vestibular system (equilibrium, balance, proprioception) |
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Term
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Definition
| Statocysts are proprioceptors found in many invertebrates. They consist of small round chambers lined with hair cells and containing statoliths (dense mineral crystals). |
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Term
| Where is the vestibular system located in vertebrates? |
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Definition
| The vestibular system is located in the inner ear next to the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small granules of calcium carbonate suspended in a gelatinous substance in the sacs of the vestibular system. When the head moves, the heavy otoliths move with it and stimulate the hair cells to move, creating electrical impulses in nearby neurons which send proprioceptive information to the brain. |
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Term
| In the vestibular system, what senses vertical movement and what senses horizontal movement? |
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Definition
| The utricle senses vertical movement. The saccule senses horizontal movement. |
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Term
| What type of photoreceptors are found in invertebrates vs. vertebrates? |
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Definition
| Invertebrates have eyecups or compound eyes. Vertebrates have singe-lens eyes. |
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Term
| What is a "compound eye"? |
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Definition
| The compound eye (found in arthropods and some annelids) consists of several hundred to several thousand light detectors called ommatidia. Each ommatidia has a lens and a crystalline cone that focuses light onto the rhabdom, which project the image into photoreceptor (retinula) cells. |
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Term
| What is the white of your eye called? |
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Definition
| The white of the eye is a strong outer sheath called the "sclera." |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin, transparent layer of tissue covering the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| The circle of pigmented smooth muscle that is responsible for eye color. It contracts or expands to control the size of the pupil. |
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Term
| A sheetlike layer of photoreceptors at the back of the eye. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rods detect _________________________ light, while cones detect ______________________ light. |
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Definition
| Rods detect low-intensity light (and are used mostly at night. They cannot sense color) while cones detect higher intensity light and distinguish colors. |
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Term
| Are there more rods or cones in the human eye? |
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Definition
| There are more rods than cones in the human eye. |
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Term
| What do visual pigments consist of? |
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Definition
| Retinal (a derivative of vitamin A that absorbs light energy) and opsin protein. |
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Term
| What kind of opsin protein is in rods/cones? |
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Definition
| Rods contain rhodopsin. Cones contain several different types (in humans, there is one for red, green, and blue; other species have more or less). |
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Term
| What is a hydrostatic skeleton? |
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Definition
| The hydrostatic skeleton is composed of a water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle. If an an animal exerts a force on the water that fills its body cavity, the hydrostatic pressure created can be used to move the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| An external skeleton that surrounds and protects most of the body surface. It made of a polysaccharide called chitin, and varies in complexity, thickness, and durability. |
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Term
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Definition
| An internal skeleton that protects the internal organs and other structures (not the body surface). Endoskeletons are found in some sponges, echinoderms, and all vertebrates. |
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Term
| What are the two parts of the vertebrate endoskeleton? |
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Definition
| The axial part of the vertebral skeleton is along the main longitudinal axis and consists of the skull, spinal column, and ribs. The appendicular part of the vertebral skeleton consists of the limb bones and girdles. |
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Term
| What are the three types of joints? |
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Definition
| Pivot joints (rotational movement), hinge joints (movement in one plane), and ball-and-socket joints (movement in several planes). |
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Term
| In a muscle myofibril, what are the thick filaments composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a muscle myofibril, what are the thin filaments composed of? |
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Definition
| Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin |
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Term
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Definition
| A complete unit of the repeating pattern in a muscle myofibril. |
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Term
| How does a skeletal muscle contract? |
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Definition
| The thick filaments have myosin crossbridges which attach to a thin filament and force the filament toward the center of the sarcomere. |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the circulatory system? |
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Definition
| To transport necessary materials to all the cells of an animal's body, and to transport waste products away from the cells where they can be released into the environment. |
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Term
| What is a gastrovascular cavity? |
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Definition
| The gastrovascular cavity (found in cnidarians) is a body cavity with a single opening to the outside. All of the animal's body cells are located near the gastrovascular cavity or slender extensions from it. Nutrients diffuse from the cavity into the tissues surrounding it. |
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Term
| What animals have open circulatory systems? |
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Definition
| Arthropods and some mollusks |
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Term
| What is the main limitation of an open circulatory system? |
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Definition
| Hemolymph cannot be selectively directed to different tissues/areas of the body |
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Term
| What animals have closed circulatory systems? |
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Definition
| Annelids, cephalopods, and all vertebrates |
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Term
| What are the two distinct circuits within the double circulation system? |
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Definition
Systemic circulation (to the body)
Pulmonary circulation (to the lungs) |
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Term
| What kind of circulatory system is found in amphibians and non-crocodilian reptiles? |
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Definition
| Amphibians and non-crocodilian reptiles have a closed circulatory system which displays characteristics of both the single circulation system and the double circulation system. |
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Term
| What separates the atria and the ventricles in the mammalian heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how blood moves through the mammalian heart. |
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Definition
| Blood enters the atria through systemic or pulmonary veins. From the atria, it moves through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles and is pumped out through the semilunar valves into the systemic and pulmonary arteries. |
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Term
| What is a neurogenic heart? |
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Definition
| A neurogenic heart will not beat unless it receives regular electrical impulses from the nervous system. |
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Term
| What is a myogenic heart? |
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Definition
| A heart whose signaling mechanism resides within the cardiac muscle itself. |
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Term
| What is the heart's pacemaker? |
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Definition
| The heart's pacemaker is the sinoatrial (SA) node, a collection of modified cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentials that spread across the atria. |
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Term
| What is the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| The diastole phase is the first phase, in which the ventricles fill with blood coming from the atria through the AV valves. |
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Term
| What is the systole phase of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| The systole phase is the second phase, in which the ventricles contract and eject the blood through the semilunar valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arteries are layers of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium which conduct blood away from the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arterioles branch off of arteries. They are smaller in diameter than arteries and have thinner walls. They can dilate or constrict to control blood distribution to tissues. |
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Term
| What are the smallest and narrowest vessels in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between fenestrated capillaries and continuous capillaries? |
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Definition
| Fenestrated capillaries have openings (fenestrations) which allow for movement of considerable water and small solutes though the walls. Continuous capillaries have no fenestrations and do not permit as much water and small solutes through the walls. |
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Term
| Where do capillary networks drain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are "precapillary sphincters"? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscles in arterioles that constrict or dilate to control how much blood goes into tissues. |
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Term
| What is pulmonary respiration? |
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Definition
| Gas exchange that moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and the blood. |
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Term
| What is internal respiration? |
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Definition
| Gas exchange that occurs between the blood and the tissues. |
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Term
| What kind of lungs do arachnids have? |
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Definition
| Book lungs (resemble gills) |
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Term
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Definition
| The hollow tube about five inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Opening that leads to the lungs. The opening is known as the glottis, and the epiglottis is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea by closing when food is swallowed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branches of the bronchi--surrounded by smooth muscle, dilate and constrict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saclike regions of the lungs where gas exchange occurs. |
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Term
| Explain the protonephridial excretory system. |
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Definition
| In flatworms, the protonephridia system is a series of branching tubules which filters fluids from the body cavity into the tubule lumens by means of ciliated cells that cap the ends of the tubules. Excess water and wastes are emptied through nephridiopores, while most solutes are reabsorbed back into the interstitial fluid. |
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Term
| Explain the metanephridial excretory system. |
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Definition
| Found in annelids--pairs of metanephridia are found in each body segment. The metanephridia consist of a tubular network that begins with a funnel-like structure called a nephrostome. The nephrostomes collect coelomic fluid which contains nitrogenous wastes through pores. Beneficial solutes are reabsorbed along the tubule length, while unneeded solutes remain in the filtrate and are excreted through nephridiopores in body wall. |
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Term
| Explain the Malphighian tubule system. |
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Definition
| Found in insects. Tubules extend from the intestine, lined by cells which transport solutes and uric acid into the lumen of the tubules. These solutes create an osmotic gradient which draws water into the tubule. The materials move to the hindgut where water and beneficial solutes are reabsorbed. Nitrogenous/other wastes are excreted with feces through anus. |
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Term
| What is the major excretory organ found in vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functional units of the kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two parts of each nephron? |
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Definition
Renal corpuscle: an initial filtering unit.
A narrow tubule that extends from the renal corpuscle and empties into the collecting duct. |
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Term
| What does the renal corpuscle consist of? |
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Definition
| The glomerulus (a cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries) and Bowman's capsule (which contains a fluid filled space into which the glomerulus protrudes). |
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Term
| What is glomerular filtrate? |
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Definition
| The fluid that leaves the glomerular capilaries and enters Bowman's space. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Glomerular filtration rate"--the rate at which glomerular filtrate is formed by the kidneys. |
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Term
| What is the loop of Henle? |
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Definition
| A long, hairpin-like look in the nephron consisting of a descending limb coming from the proximal tubule and an ascending limb leading to the next tubular segment. |
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Term
| What two hormones control the kidney? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone and antidiuretic |
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Term
| What are the two major forms of asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
Budding (portion of parent organism pinches off to form complete new individual)
Parthenogenesis (development of offspring from unfertilized eggs) |
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Term
| What is main advantage of sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| Sexual reproduction allows for greater genetic variation in offspring. |
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Term
| What are the two ways that sexual organs can be housed? |
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Definition
Dioecious ("two houses"): two separate sexes
Monecious ("one house"): hermaphroditism |
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Term
| What is "sequential hermaphroditism"? |
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Definition
Organisms that are sequentially hermaphroditic reverse their sex during their lifetime.
Protogynous--female first
Protandrous--male first |
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Term
| What is viviparity in embryo development? |
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Definition
| When the embryo develops within the mother and is supplied with nourishment from the mother. |
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Term
| What is oviparity in embryo development? |
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Definition
| When the embryo develops inside an egg that is lain outside the mother in a protective shell. |
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Term
| What is ovoviviparity in embryo development? |
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Definition
| When the embryo is contained in a thin egg shell but retained within the mother. The embryo receives little nourishment from the mother. |
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Term
| What is the function of Leydig cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained in the male scrotum? |
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Definition
| The scrotum holds the testes where sperm can develop at 2 degrees celsius lower than core body temperature. |
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Term
| What are the endometrium and the myometrium? |
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Definition
| In the uterus, the endometrium is the inner glandular lining and the myometrium is the outer muscular layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. |
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Term
| What are the levels of ecological study? |
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Definition
| Organismal, population, community, and ecosystems |
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Term
| What are the three dispersion patterns of populations? |
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Definition
| Clumped, uniform, and random |
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Term
| How would you calculate the future size of a population in the next generation? |
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Definition
| Multiply the number of individuals by the net reproductive rate. |
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Term
| What are "semelparity" and "iteroparity"? |
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Definition
Semelparity: organisms produce offspring in a single reproductive event (reproduce once and die)
Iteroparity: organisms reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons |
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Term
| What are the two basic types of population growth? |
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Definition
Exponential (resources not limited, rapid)
Logistic (resources limited, stabilizes) |
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Term
| What is the "carrying capacity"? |
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Definition
| The maximum number of individuals any given environment can support. |
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