Term
| What two things does the root system absorb from soil? |
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Definition
| Water and dissolved minerals |
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Term
| The shoot system uses water, dissolved minerals, and CO2 to produce what? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ transports water and dissolved minerals |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ transports dissolved organic substances |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells use passive, not active processes to promote transport |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It's hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells |
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Term
| What restricts the extent to which cells can swell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean when a cell is "Plasmolyzed"? |
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Definition
| It means it has lost so much water that turgor pressure is lost |
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Term
| What does it mean for a cell to be turgid? |
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Definition
| It means it has a cytosol /vacuole full of water and plasma membrane pushes up against cell wall |
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Term
| What does it mean for a cell to be flaccid? |
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Definition
| It means it is between the two extremes (turgid and plasmolyzed) |
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Term
| Define transmembrane transport. |
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Definition
| It is the export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell |
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Term
| Define symplastic transport |
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Definition
| It is the movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata |
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Term
| What are the microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells? |
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Definition
| They're called plasmodesmata |
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Term
| Does the transport through the plasmodesmata occur primarily through diffusion? True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involved in apoplastic transport? |
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Definition
| Movement of solutes through cell wall material, spaces between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces |
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Term
| What two aforemetentioned transport methods play important roles in mineral nutrient transport through the outer tissues of roots |
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Definition
| Both symplastic and apoplastic transport |
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Term
| ________ strips prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some ways plants facilitate bulk/mass flow? |
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Definition
| It can be caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these |
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Term
| Liquids and dissolved solutes move faster by bulk flow than diffusion: True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Xylem water is driven up in two ways. What are they? |
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Definition
| They are by transpirational “pull” and a root pressure “push” |
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Term
| _______ occurs through diffusion from high to low solute concentration, as opposed to the xylem. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are xylem parencyma cells alive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thick-walled supportive fibers may be alive or dead at maturity |
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Definition
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Term
| What do thick walled fibers do? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are tracheids always dead and empty? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They are specialized water-conducting cells |
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Term
| Describe the structure and construction of tracheids |
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Definition
| They are long and narrow with slanted end walls. |
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Term
| What kind of tissue is arranged in pipe-like stacks and transports water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it structured like this? |
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Definition
| It gives greater capacity for bulk flow to flowering plants |
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Term
| Does water flow faster through vessels or through tracheids? |
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Definition
| It flows faster through vessels. |
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Term
| Do plants expend much energy on bulk flow through xylem? |
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Definition
| No; they expend little to no energy. |
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Term
| Water is ______ due to strong hydrogen bonding |
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Definition
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Term
| Water sticks to lignified cell walls through ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to water on leaf surfaces during the day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does this evaporation trigger? |
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Definition
| It triggers a continuous pulling water stream. |
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Term
| _____ cells close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process by which the stomata opens. |
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Definition
| Blue light stimulates active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cell expands and stomata opens |
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Term
| Describe the process by which the stomata closes. |
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Definition
| At night, ions pumped out, cell deflates and stomata closes |
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Term
| Is leaf abscission or drop normal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does leaf abscission occur? |
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Definition
| To prevent water stress, or to temperature or light changes |
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Term
| ______ stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area |
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Definition
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Term
| Phloem tissues die before reaching maturity. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. Mature phloem tissues remain alive and retain at least some cytoplasmic components |
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Term
| Phloem works under _______ hydrostatic pressure, unlike xylem, which is under _____ pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is cComposed of supporting fibers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements (cells), and adjacent companion cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Sieve-tube element loses its nucleus and most of the cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| Companion cell supplies mRNA and proteins to sieve tube element via ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of sugar is used for most long distance transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe symplastic loading. |
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Definition
| transportation of sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf, to companion cells and then to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata |
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Term
| Does symplastic loading require ATP? |
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Definition
| No; it's facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| Describe partly apoplastic and partly transmembrane transport |
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Definition
| Load sugar into sieve-tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport. |
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Term
| Is ATP required in partly apoplastic and partly transmembrane transport? |
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Definition
| Yes; ATP must be used to move the sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve-tube element |
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Term
| What drives phloem transport? |
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Definition
| It's driven by differences in turgor pressure that occur between cells of a sugar source and sugar sink |
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Term
| What is the source tissue? |
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Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
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Term
| What term describes the bulk transportation from source to sink tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can the direction of phloem flow change, say during seasons? |
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Definition
| Yes, because of the changes in source and sink tissues. |
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Term
| Sieve-tube elements near source tissues have comparatively high solute contents due to movement of sugars from source. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ tends to rush into sieve tube elements from adjacent xylem, thereby building hydrostatic (turgor) pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do vessel elements near “sink” tissues |
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Definition
| Because sink tissues absorb and store up sugars from photosynthesis |
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Term
| After the vessel elements near "sink" tissues lower their solute concentrations, what happens? |
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Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure (positive) overcomes reduced solute pressure, and water moves into adjacent xylem. |
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Term
| Name and describe the two multicellular life cycle stages. |
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Definition
-Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte
Produces spores by meiosis
-Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte
Produces gametes by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| It's a reproductive shoot, a stem branch that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves |
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Term
| What is the function of sepals? |
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Definition
| Sepals often function to protect unopened flower bud |
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Term
| What is the function of petals? |
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Definition
| Petals usually serve in attraction of pollinators |
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Term
| What is the function of pistil? |
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Definition
| They produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes |
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Term
| What is the function of stamens |
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Definition
| Produce male gametophyte and foster their early development |
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Term
| _____ is composed of a filament topped by an anther |
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Definition
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Term
| An anther is a group of 4 ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diploid cells in anther undergo meiosis producing 4 tiny, haploid spores (microspores). True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| At time of dispersal, microspores have divided mitotically to produce two cells enclosed in a pollen grain. What are those two cells? |
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Definition
| Tube cell and a generative cell. |
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Term
| Pollen grains have exceptionally tough outer walls. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ division of the generative cell produces sperm cells. Mitotic or meiotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| In early male gametophyte development, the generative cell divides to produce _ number of sperm cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| When it comes to pollen walls, plant species share a common shape. |
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Definition
| False; each plant species has distinctive shape to pollen wall |
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Term
| Pollen _____ are composed largely of sporopollenin because of its physical strength, chemical inertness, and resistence to microbial attack. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure and function of a pistil. |
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Definition
| Vase-shaped. Produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes |
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Term
| What do the pistil vascular veins deliver? |
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Definition
| They deliver nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the developing gametophytes |
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Term
| One or more carpel groups together to form a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A carpel is composed of 3 things. What are they? |
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Definition
| Stigma, style, and ovary. |
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Term
| What is the function of an ovary? |
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Definition
| It produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
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Term
| An ovule is a spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments |
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Definition
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Term
| Does a diploid cell in the ovule produce its 4 megaspores through meiosis or mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each ovule produces a single female gametophyte by meiosis of the megaspore. True or false? |
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Definition
| False! It is through mitosis of the megaspore. |
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Term
| What happens with regard to the stigma when a pollen grain lands on the stigma? |
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Definition
| When pollen grains land on stigma, stigma allows only appropriate genotype to germinate |
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Term
| What is the result when a pollen tube grows through the micropyle and delivers sperm to female gametophyte? Single or double fertilization? |
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Definition
| It results in double fertilization. |
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|
Term
| How does the pollen grain germinate? |
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Definition
| It germinates by taking up water and producing a pollen tube. |
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Term
| The pollen generative nucleus divides by mitosis to produce how many sperm cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Upon rehydration a pollen tube extends into the spaces between cells of the style to the ovule to fertilize the egg. True or false? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How many sperm cells are conveyedto the female gametophyte through the pollen tube? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| New cytoplasm and cell wall material is added to the tip of the elongating cell. How are these components kept concentrated there? What structure accomplishes this? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the tube enter into the ovule? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ develops as a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo and seedling. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eudicots are different. They store their food inside the cotelydons. True or false? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ________ retain considerable endosperm in the mature seed (monocots or dicots). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe some characteristics of an embryo. |
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Definition
| young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte |
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Term
|
Definition
| Embryogenesis is the development of single celled zygotes by mitosis |
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|
Term
| The first cell division establishes an apical-basal polarity. True or false? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized tasks the smaller and larger cell undertake after that first division? |
|
Definition
| Smaller cell develops into embryo while the larger cell develops into suspensor that channels nutrients and hormones to young embryo |
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Term
| What do the older embryoes rely on after the suspensor disappears? |
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Definition
| They rely on the endosperm. |
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