Term
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Definition
| export of a material from one cell to the intracellular space followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to they cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasdodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solutes through cell wall material spaces between cells; short distance transport |
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Term
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Definition
| continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces |
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Term
| where does apoplastic movement stop? |
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Definition
| the root endodermis - the barrier between root cortex and central core |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues (only symplastic movements allowed) |
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Term
| endodermal plasma membranes |
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Definition
| possess specific channels and transporters for essential mineral nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a molecular filter that allows the passage of beneficial solutes that have entered from the symplast or have been specifically transported into endodermal cytosol through specific transport channels |
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Term
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Definition
| large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along |
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Term
| What causes bulk or mass flow? |
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Definition
| mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma cells that are alive; not directly involved in long-distance transport; have thick-walled supportive fibers that may be dead or alive at maturity and provide structural support; have tracheids and vessel elements |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma cells that are alive; not directly involved in long-distance transport; have thick-walled supportive fibers that may be dead or alive at maturity and provide structural support; have tracheids and vessel elements |
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Term
|
Definition
| parenchyma cells that are alive; not directly involved in long-distance transport; have thick-walled supportive fibers that may be dead or alive at maturity and provide structural support; have tracheids and vessel elements |
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Term
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Definition
| water sticks to walls of xylem vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis |
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Term
| blue light in stomata movements |
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Definition
| stimulates active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cell expand and stomata opens |
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Term
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Definition
| positive hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| tension; negative pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| supporting fibers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements, and adjacent companion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| lose nucleus and most of cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow; mRNA and proteins supplied by companion cells via plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
| many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf to companion cells, then to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata; does not require ATP (facilitated diffusion) |
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Term
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Definition
| many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf to companion cells, then to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata; does not require ATP (facilitated diffusion) |
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Term
| partial apoplastic loading |
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Definition
| load sugar into sieve-tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport; ATP must be used to move the sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve-tube element |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk transport from source to sink tissue |
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Term
| photosynthetic leaf mesophyll |
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Definition
| main sugar "source" during the time of year when leaves are actively photosynthesizing |
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Term
| what is the main "source" when new growth and leaf formation occurs in the spring? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the main "source" when new growth and leaf formation occurs in the spring? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| German plant psychologist, presented pressure flow hypothesis in 1930 |
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Term
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Definition
| a stem branch that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| often function to protect unopened flower bud |
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Term
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Definition
| usually serve in attraction of pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
| produce male gametophytes and foster their early development |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of single or multiple fused carpels; produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments (megasporangium) |
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Term
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Definition
| produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
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Term
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Definition
| a young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the development of single celled zygotes by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical, but become heart-shaped as cotyledons develop; shoot meristem forms between cotyledons |
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Term
|
Definition
| cylindrical with a single cotyledon and a side notch where apical meristem forms |
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Term
| what is unique/distinct about animals in comparison to plants? |
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Definition
-no cell wall
- no photosynthesis (acquisition of organic nutrients)
- rapid, coordinate movement used in pursuit of food, or avoidance of predators |
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Term
| What are the 4 main categories that animal tissues can be classified into? |
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Definition
| muscle, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion; voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds hollow tube and cavities for propulsion of contents; involuntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| only in the heart; involuntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal's body to another |
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Term
| how do electrical signals in one nerve cell stimulate or inhibit other nerve cells? |
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Definition
| stimulates new electrical signals in adjacent cells; stimulate muscles to contract; stimulate glands to release chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs and line the walls of body cavities |
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Term
| epithelial cells are specialized to... |
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Definition
| protect, provide selective permeability, secrete, and absorb materials |
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Term
| epithelial tissue rests on... |
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Definition
| basal lamina or basement membrane |
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Term
| connective tissue includes.. |
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Definition
| blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue |
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Term
| connective tissue functions to... |
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Definition
| provide scaffold for attachment; protect and cushion; mechanical strength; transmit mechanical forces |
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Term
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Definition
| are composed of 2 or more kinds of tissue organized together to provide coordinate function/functions |
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Term
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Definition
| different organs working together to perform/regulate complex functions |
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Term
| 2 main compartments of body fluids |
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Definition
| intracellular (inside cells); extracellular (outside cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid transport systems designed for bulk transport within an animal's body |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| fluid (blood) pumped within vessel system; plasma; blood cells suspended in plasma; interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid between cells outside vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid; typically no blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| consume animal flesh or fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| eat both plant and animal |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules are transported from area of digestion to animal's circulatory system |
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Term
| ATP energy from nutrients may be used for... |
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Definition
| transport work; mechanical work; chemical work |
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Term
| nutrients may be used as... |
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Definition
| chemical building blocks or cofactors/coenzymes |
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Term
| 5 categories of organic food molecules for complete nutrition: |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins |
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Term
| inorganic nutrients (minerals) |
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Definition
| phosphate, potassium, calcium, sodium, iron, etc. |
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Term
| 4 groups of essential nutrients |
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Definition
| essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, essential minerals, essential vitamins |
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Term
| 8 required essential amino acids for animals: |
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Definition
| isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylaline, threonine, tryptophan, valine |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot by synthesized by animal's own cells; are not stored; obtained in meat |
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Term
| essential fatty acids are needed for building... |
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Definition
| fats, phospholipids, steroid hormones |
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Term
| unsaturated fatty acids are found primarily in... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| many required only in trace amounts (mineral micronutrients); less than 1-2 mg/day in humans; often needed as required cofactors for protein structure/function |
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|
Term
| fat-soluble vitamins are stored in... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| water soluble vitamins are... |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| coenzymes (play essential functions in enzyme catalyst reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
| only found in very simple invertebrate animals (sponges); tiny bits of food are phagocytosed; food molecules broken down by enzymes in intracellular compartments (lysosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in a body cavity; enzymes secreted from cells into lumen of body cavity or organ; allows larger food items to be taken in and utilized as nutritional sources |
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Term
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Definition
| dentition and tongue; saliva |
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Term
|
Definition
| aid in breaking food into smaller pieces and swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
| released by salivary glands; moistens and lubricates food to facilitate swallowing; dissolve food particles to facilitate taste and increase accessibility to digestive enzymes |
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Term
| lysosome enzyme in saliva |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| initiates digestion of polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates movement of food into the esophogus |
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Term
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Definition
| transmits food from pharynx to stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| saclike organ for storing food and digestive function; denatures and partially digests proteins; no lipid or carb digestion; reduces food to liquid chyme |
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Term
| cells in gastric glands of the stomach secrete... |
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Definition
| hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreted by pariental cells in walls of pits; kills microbes; dissolves particulate matter; denatures proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| secreted by chief cells in walls of pits; inactive form converted to pepsin to begin protein digestion |
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Term
| stomach muscles/pyloric sphinctor |
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Definition
| regulate rate of emptying into small intestine |
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Term
| ruminant herbivore stomachs |
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Definition
| must digest cellulose but lack cellulase enzyme; rely on microbes to digest cellulose into monosaccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 lower esophageal pouches; rumen and reticulum - contain cellulose digestion microbes; absorbs some of the water and salts from food |
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Term
|
Definition
| occasionally regurgitated, rechewed and reswallowed in ruminants |
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Term
|
Definition
| true stomach containing food, microbes and by-products of microbial digestion; contains acids and proteolytic enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of nearly all digestion of food, and absorption of food and water occur in the first quarter of it; digestive enzymes found on inner (lumenal) surface or secreted into lumen by the pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
| finger-like projections on the mucosal surface |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrients other than fat absorbed into blood |
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Term
| lacteal (lymphatic vessel) |
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Definition
| allows for larger fat particles to enter, eventually dumped into blood |
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Term
| epithelial cells in small intestine |
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Definition
| covered with microvilli creating brush border; increases surface area 600 fold; increases likelihood of encountering digestive enzyme and being absorbed |
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Term
|
Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ion rich fluid, released into small intestine; protein, nucleic acid, carb, and fat digesting enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| neutralizes acidic stomach chyme as it enters the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| site of bile production; bile contains bicarbonate ions (neutralize acids), bile salts (emulsify fats = mycells) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large intestine functions |
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Definition
| store and concentrate fecal matter and absorb some salt and water; lowers excess blood salts; bacterial metabolism |
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Term
| large intestine structure |
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Definition
| ascending, transverse, and descending segments; terminal portion of alimentary canal - rectum and anus |
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|
Term
| what is the correct order of floral parts from the outermost "whorl" to the innermost? |
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Definition
| sepals, petals, stamens, pistils |
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|
Term
| what form of fixed nitrogen is most typically taken up into plant roots? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of tissue level transport is blocked by the casparian strip? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| phloem bulk flow is primarily driven by…. |
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Definition
| hydrostatic (turgor pressure) that becomes high close to source tissue |
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|
Term
| in addition to diploid zygote, double fertilization in flowering plants gives rise to: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the suspensor in a developing plant |
|
Definition
| is a temporary structure that serves to transmit nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the developing embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
| cannot be synthesized by an animal's cells; are not stored; are usually found in sufficient supply in meat food sources; may not all be present in sufficient supply in particular plant food sources |
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|
Term
| digestive processes in sponges occur through: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in the mammalian digestive system, chief cells are responsible for: |
|
Definition
| secretion of pepsinogen into gastric pits |
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|
Term
| the term "brush border" refers to: |
|
Definition
| the microvilli extending from epithelial cells in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| coordinate muscular and other physiological responses: |
|
Definition
| movement; glandular secretions; cardiovascular and respiratory system control; homeostatic regulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells in the nervous system that use electrical impulses to transmit signals to other cells/regions of the body |
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|
Term
| cell body/soma of neuron: |
|
Definition
| contains nucleus and many other cellular organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| relatively short fibrous (often multiple) extensions of plasma membrane; may be single or branching; transmit incoming electrical signals (propagating toward cell body) |
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Term
|
Definition
| longer, fibrous extensions of plasma membrane; typically singe but can branch; send electrical signals propagating outward from cell body; axon hillock |
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Term
|
Definition
| base of the axon, near cell body |
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|
Term
| 3 general types of neurons |
|
Definition
| sensory, motor, interneurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| detect stimuli from the outside world or internal body conditions; acts as sensory receptors or interact with sensory receptors; afferent neurons: in vertebrates, transmit signals to the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| in vertebrates; send signals away from CNS (efferent neurons) to elicit response |
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Term
|
Definition
| form interconnections between other neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves all 3 types of neurons; stimulous from sensory neurons sent to CNS, little or no interpretation, signal transmitted to motor neurons to elicit response |
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|
Term
| oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) |
|
Definition
| make up the myelin sheath |
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Term
|
Definition
| metabolic support, protection of neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form tracks for neuronal migration in embryos |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference in charge inside and outside the cell (a protein difference, or voltage); ion concentrations differ between inside and outside of the cell; electrically "polarized" |
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|
Term
| resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
| electrical potential when neurons not sending signals |
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Term
|
Definition
| can record the voltage difference between the microelectrodes inside and outside the neuron |
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|
Term
| observed resting potential |
|
Definition
| -70mv; interior mor negative than outside |
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Term
|
Definition
| combined effects of electrical and chemical gradients determine how ions move across the membrane; opposing chemical and electrical gradients can create an equilibrium where there is no net movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane potential becomes less negative, inside of cell less negative relative to surrounding environment; Na+ flows in and membrane potential becomes more positive |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell membrane more polarized; cytoplasm of cell becomes more negative relative to surrounding environment; when K+ moves out of the cell making the interior of the cell less positive |
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Term
|
Definition
| glial cells that insulate axons to allow for saltatory conduction in the central nervous system |
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|
Term
| what is crucial in the process of emulsifying fats in the digestive system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what event is primarily responsible for the rapid re-polarization of the membrane after an action potential depolarizes a neuron's membrane? |
|
Definition
| opening of voltage-gated potassium channels |
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|
Term
| saltatory conduction in neurons is associated with: |
|
Definition
| the presence of myelin that insulate regions of the axon membrane, preventing ion flow |
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|
Term
| why is calcium important in the events at chemical synapses in the nervous system? |
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Definition
| calcium moves into the cytoplasm of presynaptic axon terminus through voltage-gated calcium channels, triggering the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesciles with the axon terminus membrane |
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Term
| a neuron that conducts impulses from the CNS outward to a gland would be referred to as a: |
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Definition
| motor neuron/efferent neuron |
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|
Term
| absorption of amino acids in the small intestine occurs primarily by: |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport (co-transport) |
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|
Term
| in cnidarians, the nervous system is: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| communication at an electrical synapse depends upon: |
|
Definition
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