Term
| The most common way that fixed nitrogen enters plants: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrate can be stored in: |
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Definition
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Term
| Much of fixed nitrogen in soil is recycled from: |
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Definition
| compounds from other organisms. |
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Term
| New fixed nitrogen can be added by: |
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Definition
| lightning, fire, air pollution and biological and industrial fixation |
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Term
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Definition
| atmospheric N2 combined with H to give NH3 |
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Term
| Most biological nitrogen fixation by certain prokaryotes such as: |
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Definition
By many types of cyanobacteria
Other nonphotosynthetic bacteria also fix nitrogen
Symbionts transfer nitrogen directly to plant cells
All nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes utilize large amounts of ATP and nitrogenase to fix nitrogen |
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Term
| Plant adaptations that allow for increased nutrient supply: |
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Definition
Highly branched roots
More or longer root hairs
Fungal symbiotic associations
Bacterial symbiotic associations
Capture of animals by carnivorous plants
Parasitic associations |
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Term
| Mycorhizzal associations: |
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Definition
| About 90% of seed plants have fungal symbiotic associations |
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Term
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Definition
| within root tissues or envelop root surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| organic food from plant while fungi supplies water and mineral nutrients |
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Term
| Mycorhizzal associations are a very efficient way to: |
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Definition
| to harvest water and minerals (especially phosphorus) from a larger volume of soil |
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Term
| Plant-prokaryote symbioses provide: |
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Definition
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Term
| Some bacterial symbiotes live within: |
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Definition
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Term
| Plant provides what to bacteria? |
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Definition
| organic nutrients to bacteria |
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Term
| Bacteria supplies what to plants? |
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Definition
| more fixed nitrogen than they could get from soil |
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Term
| Rhizobia can live independently but only fix nitrogen inside: |
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Definition
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Term
| Nodule formation involves: |
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Definition
| chemical signals between rhizobia and host plant |
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Term
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Definition
| water and dissolved minerals from the soil |
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Term
| Shoot system uses these materials together with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to produce: |
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Definition
| sugar needed by roots and for overall plant growth and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| water and dissolved minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolved organic substances |
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Term
| Cells use ______________ processes to promote transport |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Turgid plant has a cytosol /vacuole full of water and plasma membrane pushes up against cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| cell has lost so much water that turgor pressure lost |
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Term
| 3 forms of tissue transport: |
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Definition
| Transmembrane, symplastic, and apoplastic |
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Term
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Definition
| Export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of solutes through cell wall material, spaces between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces |
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Term
| What forms of transport play important roles in mineral nutrient transport through the outer tissues of roots? |
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Definition
| Symplastic and apoplastic. |
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Term
| Apoplastic transport moves: |
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Definition
| soil water and dissolved minerals non-selectively through root epidermal and cortex tissues |
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Term
| Apoplastic transport stops at: |
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Definition
| root endodermis – barrier between root cortex and central core |
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Term
| Casparian transport prevents: |
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Definition
| apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues- only symplastic movements allowed. |
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Term
| Endodermal plasma membranes possess: |
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Definition
| specific channels and transporters for essential mineral nutrients |
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Term
| Root endodermis functions as: |
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Definition
| a molecular filter that allows the passage of beneficial solutes that have entered from the symplast or have been specifically transported into endodermal cytosol through specific transport channels |
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Term
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Definition
| large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along |
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Term
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Definition
| mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these |
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Term
| Liquids and dissolved solutes move faster by: |
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Definition
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Term
| Movement of fluid in xylem and phloem |
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Definition
Xylem water flow driven upward by transpirational “pull” and a root pressure “push”
Movement of phloem occurs from regions of high to low solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
Long and narrow with slanted end walls
Lignin-containing (water-impermeable, secondary wall) |
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Term
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Definition
| nonlignified holes allow water to flow from one tracheid to another |
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Term
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Definition
| provide structural support |
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Term
| Tracheids and vessel elements are |
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Definition
| specialized water-conducting cells and are always dead and empty of cytosol/cytoplasm when mature (gymnosperms contain only tracheids) |
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Term
| Water flows faster through _____________ than ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vessels and Vessel elements: |
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Definition
| Give greater capacity for bulk flow to flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
Causes evaporation at leaf surfaces; 90% of water taken in is lost by evaporation
Tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant’s surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| water sticks to lignified walls of xylem vessels |
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Term
| Water is cohesive due to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Transpiration indirectly powered by _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cell expands and stomata opens |
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Term
| At night, stomatal movements are: |
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Definition
| ions pumped out, cell deflates and stomata closes |
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Term
| Leaf abscission/leaf drop occurs normally to prevent... |
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Definition
| water stress, or to temperature or light changes |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area |
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Term
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Definition
| postive hydrostatic pressure, unlike xylem, which is under tension (negative pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| supporting fibers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements (cells), and adjacent companion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies mRNA and proteins to sieve tube element via plasmodesmata |
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Term
| Most long distance transport uses _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of phloem loading: |
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Definition
| Symplastic and partly apoplastic/partly transmembrane |
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Term
| Symplastic phloem loading |
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Definition
Many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf, to companion cells and then to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata
Does not require ATP; facilitated diffusion. |
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Term
| Partly apoplastic, partly transmembrane phloem loading |
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Definition
Load sugar into sieve-tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport
ATP must be used to move the sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve-tube element |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk transport from source to sink tissue |
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Term
| Phloem transport driven by: |
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Definition
| differences in turgor pressure that occur between cells of a sugar source and sugar sink |
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Term
| the main sugar “source” during the time of the year when leaves are actively photosynthsizing |
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Definition
| Photosynthetic leaf mesophyll |
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Term
| Leaf formation occurs in the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| the direction of phloem flow may change with seasons because of... |
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Definition
| The changes in source and sink tissue. |
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Term
| Ernst Munch came up with the... |
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Definition
| Pressure-flow hypothesis. |
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Term
| 2 multicellular life cycle stages |
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Definition
| Gametophyte and Sporophyte |
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Term
| Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte |
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Definition
| Produces spores by meiosis |
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Term
| Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte |
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Definition
| Produces gametes by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Sepals often function to protect unopened flower bud |
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Term
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Definition
| Petals usually serve in attraction of pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce male gametophyte and foster their early development |
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Term
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Definition
| produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sepals, petals, stamens, pistils |
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Term
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Definition
| group of 4 microsporangia |
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Term
| Pollen grains develop a tough ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| At time of dispersal, microspores have divided mitotically to produce two cells enclosed in a pollen grain |
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Definition
| Tube cell, Generative cell |
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Term
| Tube cell forms __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pollen wall composed largely of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 properties of sporopollenin |
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Definition
Physical strength
Chemically inert
Resistant to microbial attack |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of stigma, style and ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
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Term
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Definition
| spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments, also known as a megasporangium |
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Term
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Definition
| a single female gametophyte by mitosis of the megaspore |
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Term
| When pollen grains land on stigma... |
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Definition
| stigma allows only appropriate genotype to germinate |
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Term
| pollen tube grows through... |
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Definition
| micropyle and delivers sperm to female gametophyte |
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Term
| pollen grain germinates by... |
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Definition
| taking up water and producing a pollen tube |
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Term
| Upon rehydration, a pollen tube... |
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Definition
| extends into the spaces between cells of the style |
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Term
| To deliver sperm to egg cells... |
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Definition
| the tube must grow from the stigma, through the style, to the ovule |
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Term
| A pollen tube conveys ... |
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Definition
| 2 sperm cells to the female gametophyte |
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Term
| Tip growth controlled by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| concentrate components of the cytoplasm at the tip |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the 2 sperm cells fertilizes the egg to produce the diploid zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| Endosperm develops as a nutritive tissue, usually triploid chromosome number |
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Term
| Endosperms are rich in... |
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Definition
| protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals |
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