Term
| Mycorhizzal (plant-fungus) association |
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Definition
| 90 percent of seed plants have this. They live within root tissues or envelop root surfaces. |
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Term
| Plant-Prokaryote Symbioses |
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Definition
| provide fixed nitrogen. Some live within plant cells or tissues. Plant provides organic nutrients to bacteria. |
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Term
| Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses |
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Definition
| certain bacteria live in root cells of these. They can live independently but only fix nitrogen inside root nodules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Export of material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of solutes through cell wall material spaces between cells. Short distance transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues. |
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Term
| Endodermal Plasma Membranes |
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Definition
| possess specific channels and transporters for essential mineral nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a molecular filter that allows the passage of beneficial solutes that have entered from the symplast or have been specifivally transported into endodermal cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
| large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along. |
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Term
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Definition
| mass movement of liquid cause by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these. |
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Term
| Tracheids and Vessel Elements |
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Definition
| specialized water-conducting cells and are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature. |
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Term
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Definition
| plants expend little or no energy on bulk flow through xylem. |
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Term
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Definition
| water sticks to walls of xylem vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| causes evaporation at leaf surfaces; 90% of water taken in is lost by evaporation. |
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Term
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Definition
| close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cells expand and stomata opens. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area. |
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Term
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Definition
| remain alive and retain at least some cytoplasmic components. |
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Term
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Definition
| loses its nucleus and most of the cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies mRNA and proteins to sieve tube element via plasmodesmata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for most long distance transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf, to companion cells and then to sieve tube elements via plasmodesmata; does not require ATP. |
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Term
| Partial Apoplastic Loading |
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Definition
| Load sugar into sieve tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport; ATP must be used to move the sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve tube element. |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar. |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk transport from source to sink tissue. |
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Term
| Photosythetic Leaf Mesophyll |
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Definition
| main sugar "source" during the time of the year when leaves are actively photsynthesizing. |
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Term
| Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte |
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Definition
| produce spores by meiosis. |
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Term
| Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte |
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Definition
| produce gametes by mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce male gametophyte and foster their early development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces and nourishes one or more ovules. |
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Term
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Definition
| spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments-MEGASPORANGIUM. |
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Term
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Definition
| help provide nutrients to female gametophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pollen tube extends into the spaces between cells of the style. |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrate components of the cytoplasm at the tip. |
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Term
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Definition
| store nutrients from endosperm in cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
| mature seeds contain little to no endosperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| retain considerable endosperm in the mature seed (only part incorporated into the single cotyledon). |
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Term
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Definition
| a young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of single celled zygotes by mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| spherical but become heart-shaped as cotyledons develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical with a single cotyledon and a side notch where apical meristem forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells specialized to contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| only in the heart, involuntary control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal's body to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs, line the walls of body cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| provides scaffold for attachment; protects and cushions; mechanical strength; transmits mechanical forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of two or more kinds of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated function/functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| different organs work together to perform/regulate complex functions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
| Fluid (blood) pumped within vessel system. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid portion of the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid between cells outside vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consume animal flesh or fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| eat both plants and animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecules are often transported from area of digestion to animal's circulatory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 required by many animals- isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Needed for building fats, phospholipids,and steroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| stored in adipose tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| only found in very simple invertebrate animals (sponges). |
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Term
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Definition
| digestion occurs in a body cavity, prior to being absorbed into the body and transported. |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple example of extracellular digestion; one opening is entry and exit; digestion of particles is completed intracellularly (Cnidarians). |
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Term
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Definition
| Single elongated tube with entry and exit ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| aid in breaking food into smaller pieces, and swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Released by salivary glands; moistens and lubricates food to facilitate swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme in saliva that kills ingested bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates movement of food into the esophogus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmits food from pharynx to stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
| herbivores that feed constantly on grasses. |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized to feed on fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on the remains of dead animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| saclike organ for storing food and digestive function |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by parietal cells in walls of pits; kills microbes and dissolves particulate matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by chief cells in walls of pits; inactive form converted to pepsin to begin protein digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 lower esophageal pouches. |
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Term
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Definition
| contain cellulose digesting microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbs some of the water and salts from food. |
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Term
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Definition
| true stomach-eventually food, microbes and by-products of microbial digestion enter this structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal surface epithelium that is folded. |
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Term
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Definition
| finger-like projections on mucosal surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nutrients other than fat absorbed into blood. |
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Term
| Lacteal (lymphatic vessel) |
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Definition
| allows for larger fat particles to enter, eventually dumped into blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| have larger small intestine than carnivores. |
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Term
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Definition
| houses cellulose-digesting microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes enzymes involved in the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed as membrane proteins on the wall of the intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted into lumen and on lumenal surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ion rich fluid, released into small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| neutralizes acidic stomach chyme as it enters small intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Function- to store and concentrate fecal matter and absorb some salt and water. Structure- ascending, transverse, and descending segments. |
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Term
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Definition
| starch digestion by salivary amylase. |
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Term
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Definition
| additional starch digestion by pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidases. |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down triglycerides. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the nervouse system that use electrical impulses to transmit signals to other cells/regions of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains nucleus and many other cellular organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively short fibrous extensions of plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| long fibrous extensions of plasma membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| base of the axon, near cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| detect stimuli from the outside world or internal body conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| invertebrates, transmit signals to the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| invertebrates, send signals away from CNS to elicit response. |
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Term
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Definition
| form interconnections between other neurons. |
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwanna Cells |
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Definition
| make up the myelin sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic support, protection. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| form tracks for neuronal migration in embryos. |
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Term
| Restin Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| electrical potential when neurons are not sending signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| can record voltage difference between the microelectrodes inside and outside the neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane potential becomes less negative, inside of cell less negative relative to surrounding environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane more polarized, cytoplasm of cells becomes more negative relative to surrounding environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| open and close in response to voltage changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| open and close in response to ligans or chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| small amplitude depolarization or hyperpolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| always the same, large amplitude depolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| junction where nerve terminal meets neuron, muscle cell, or gland. |
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Term
| Synaptic Cleft and Postsynaptic Cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ions freely flow through gap junctions from cell to cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter acts as signals from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| brings membrane closer to threshold potential. |
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Term
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| takes membrane farther from threshold potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve net; simplest nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve ring around mouth connected to larger radial nerves extending to arms. |
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Term
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Definition
| dual nerve cords extend length of animal connected by transverse nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| same general plan as planarians; more neurons, integrative center in anterior. |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral ganglion highly developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| brain has several subdivisions with separate functions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function. |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| incoming stimuli are converted into neural signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| concious awareness of sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| transduce mechanical energy. |
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Term
| Electromagnetic Receptors |
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Definition
| detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to specific chemicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure as well as to certain molecules such as acids. |
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