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| to all intelligent creatures |
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| addressed to special class of sinners accounting for the diversity and integration of life |
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| what should christians avoid? |
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Definition
| jumping to shallow/poorly considered conclusions; shameful interactions with people of differing opinions |
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| what should christians pursue tenaciously? |
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Definition
| humility - humbly recognize the fallenness of our faculties |
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| 6 literal days, young earth (4-5/6-0k old), straight-forward reading |
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| "yom" as age rather than 24-hr day; scientific evidence suggests old earth; sequence of events is the same |
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| days are God's work days, not identical to our work days; days are not of known length, logical not chronological break-down and sequence, length unknown to us |
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| creation week is a metaphor, poetic structure; length of days unspecified, order and time is viewed as unimportant |
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Definition
| show distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms |
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Definition
| radioactive isotope of carbon, ration C12 to C14 can suggest age of spectrum; assumes that production of C14 in upper atmosphere is constant |
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Definition
| deposited in volcanic rock layers; ratio of potassium 40 to argon 40 |
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| 4.5 bya; fossil evidence of prokaryotic cells; proposed that bacteria arose during this era |
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| 3.8 bya; photosynthetic bacteria and first eukaryotic cells |
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| 2.5 bya; multicellular eukaryotes; bilateral eukaryotes |
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Definition
| species that differ as adults often bear significant similarities during embryonic stages |
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| similarities in cells at the molecular level that suggest to some that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors |
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| prevent formation of zygote |
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| block development of viable, fertile individuals |
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| geographic barrier prevents contact |
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| reproduce at different times of the day or year |
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| behaviors important in mate choice (change in song) |
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Definition
| size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating |
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| gametes fail to unite successfully; important in species that release gametes into the water or air |
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| fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages |
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| interspecies hybrid viable but sterile |
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| hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities |
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Term
| first evidence of eukaryotic cells in the fossil record is found in the transition between: |
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Definition
| Archaean and Porterozoic eons |
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Term
| mechanical isolation is an example of: |
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Definition
| prezygotic reproductive isolation |
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| formation of two species from an initial population in a single geographic area (without any splitting of the population) is reffered to as |
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| the long snouts and tongues of giant anteaters and echidnas are often cited as examples of: |
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Definition
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| Darwin's idea of the impact of limited resources on population growth were most likely to have influenced the ideas of: |
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Definition
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Term
| the "modern synthesis" refers to: |
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Definition
| the bringing together of modern understandings of genetic transmission/inheritance and Darwinian evolutionary theory |
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Term
| "alternation of generations" in plants |
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Definition
| sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid, gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid, spore-producing phase; the spores of the latter reinitiate the haploid phase |
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Definition
| microscopic in flowering plants; produce gametes by mitosis |
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Definition
| in flowering plants, large, independent, recognizable "plant"; produces spores by meiosis |
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| mature flowering plants produce: |
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Definition
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Definition
| enclose and protect tiny male and female gametophytes |
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Definition
| enclose seeds and function in dispersal |
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| plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life |
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Definition
| plants that do not reproduce the first year, but may the following year |
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Definition
| plants that live for more that 2 years |
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Term
| four essential processes for growth and development in plants: |
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Definition
| cell division, cell growth, cell specialization, apoptosis |
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Term
| shoot apical meristem (SAM) |
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Definition
| rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branch; produces shoot system (stems, branches, leaves, and other organ systems) |
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Term
| root apical meristem (RAM) |
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Definition
| rapidly dividing cells at root tips; produces root system |
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Definition
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Definition
| produces vascular tissues (primarily xylem and phloem) |
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Definition
| produces ground tissues (cortex, pith) |
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Definition
| surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (vascular cambium; cork cambium) |
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Definition
| surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (vascular cambium; cork cambium) |
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Definition
| producing new cells; cell expansion |
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Term
| expansion in plants occurs when... |
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Definition
| water enters the central vacuole by osmosis; allows for more rapid growth in plants |
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Term
| general functions/characteristics of leaves: |
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Definition
| main photosynthetic systems; site of gas exchange; susceptible to water loss/drying |
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Definition
| only one blade, adventageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption |
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Definition
| dissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation |
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Definition
| have pinnate or palmate venation; netted veins with branching patterns provide more support to the leaf |
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Definition
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| attachment for leaves and branches |
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Definition
| regions between the nodes |
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Definition
| contain meristematic tissue, areas of growth |
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Definition
| derived from primary meristem (procambium) |
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Term
| secondary vascular tissue |
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Definition
| derived from secondary meristem (vascular cambium) |
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| herbaceous (non-woody) plants |
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Definition
| produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| produce primary and secondary vascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant body; in vascular bundles located towards the center of the stem |
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Definition
| primarily responsible for the transport of organic nutrients (dissolved sugars) from leaves or roots to other areas of the plant |
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| primary xylem composed of |
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Definition
| tracheids and vessel elements (dead cells) conduct water and dissolved mineral |
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| primary phlem composed of |
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Definition
| sieve elements, companion cells, parenchyma cells, supportive fibers |
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| produces outer bark which protects the surface of the plat as it grows in diameter. cork cells dead when mature and layered with lignin and suberin |
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| above ground creeping stem |
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Definition
| underground modified stems that store food |
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Definition
| originate from stem, support the plane |
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Definition
| broad supporting structures in shallow roots |
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Definition
| upward directer appendage, allows for gas exchange |
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Definition
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Definition
| cells extend b water uptake |
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Definition
| root cell differentiation and tissue specialization |
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Term
| plant signal transduction |
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Definition
| process in which a cell perceives a signal, switching on an intracellular pathway that leads to cellular responses |
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Term
| receptors or sensors in signal transduction |
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Definition
| proteins that become activated when they receive a specific type of signal |
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Term
| messengers or second messengers in signal transduction |
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Definition
| transmis messages from many types of activated sensors to effect molecules; calcium ions common |
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Term
| effectors in signal transduction |
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Definition
| molecules that directly influence cellular response; often involve activation or repression of gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
"master" plant hormone; influences plant structure, development, and behavior through:
- apical-basal polarity of plant body
- important in the development of vascular tissues
- alter the pattern of growth and development in response to environment |
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Term
| auxin transport in the plant body is produce primarily in: |
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Definition
| apical shoot tips and young leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane protein (auxin influx carrier) at apical cell end |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that transport auxin out (auxin efflux carriers) at basal or lateral surfaces of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| auxin flows down in shoots and into roots |
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Term
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Definition
| help plants respond to environmental stresses such as flooding, drought, high salinity, cold, heat, and attack by microorganisms and herbivores |
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Term
| chemical defenses for herbivore attack |
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Definition
| plant responses to jasmonic acid can cause synthesis of chemicals that are repulsive to herbivore; can cause release of chemicals to attract predators of their attackers and/or cause defensive response to neighboring plants |
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Term
| response to pathogen attack |
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Definition
| chemicals produced by bacterial and fungal pathogens elicit response; systemic acquired resistance (SAR) |
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Definition
| respond to light absorption by switching on signal transduction; results in sun tracking, phototropism, flowering, and seed germination |
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Term
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Definition
| cryptochromes help young seedlings determine if light environment bright enough for photosynthesis |
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Definition
| main blue-light sensor in phototropism; becomes phosphorylated when exposed to blue light, converting light signal to a chemical signal |
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Definition
| flower in spring or early summer when night period is shorter |
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Definition
| flower only when night length is longer than defined period, late summer/fall/winter; short days |
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Definition
| flower regardless of night length as long as day length meets minimal requirements for plant growth |
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Term
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Definition
| red- and far-red light receptors; flip back and forth between 2 conformations (Pfr and Pr) |
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Term
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Definition
| conformation that only absorbs far-red light and activates cellular responses; moves from cytoplasm to nucleus, impacting gene regulation; absorption of far-red light causes conversion to Pr (inactive) |
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Term
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Definition
| can only absorb red light and cannot activate cellular response; red light converts Pr to Pfr |
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Term
| scarcity of nutrients may: |
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Definition
| select for adaptations that help in acquisition or trigger adaptive changes that aid in nutrient acquisition |
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Term
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Definition
| substances needed by plants in order to complete their reproductive cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| required in amounts of at least 1g/kg of plant dry matter |
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Term
| micronutrients/trace elements |
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Definition
| required in amounts at or less than .1g/kg per day |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfer |
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Term
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Definition
| chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, sodium, copper, molybdenum, nickel |
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Definition
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| what currently existing plan group is comprised of the largest number of species? |
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Definition
| flowering plants (magnoliophyta) |
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Term
| in flowering plants, the most visibly prominent of the two alternating generations is: |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an example of a secondary meristem? |
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Definition
| vascular cambium; cork cambium |
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Term
| a cactus spine is an example of a: |
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Definition
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Term
| sieve tube members are most closely related to: |
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Definition
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Term
| in growing root tips, the presence of root hairs is an indicator of: |
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Definition
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Term
| PIN proteins are most directly involved in: |
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Definition
| transport of auxins on basal and lateral surfaces of plant cells |
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Term
| the experiments of Went and Briggs demonstrated: |
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Definition
| that a diffusible substance, or hormone, from shoot tips was likely involved in phototropism |
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Term
| statoliths are most closely associated with: |
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Definition
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Term
| the phytochrome Pfr conformation |
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Definition
| is the active conformation that can initiate cellular signals; is inactivated by absorbing far red light; is involved in the timing of seed germination |
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Term
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Definition
| may occur within a population that occupies the same geographic range; has been observed in recent centuries; may involve sudden changes in the number of sets of chromosomes in plants |
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Term
| examples of primary meristem: |
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Definition
| protoderm, procambium, ground meristem |
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Term
| parallel venation is a characteristic of: |
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Definition
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Term
| upward-directed roots that are thought to aid in gas exchange in trees that live in swampy areas are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| microevolution is best described as: |
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Definition
| changes in genetic composition of a population of a particular species over time |
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Term
| a limitation of the biological species concept is that: |
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Definition
| it cannot be used in asexually reproducing species; in many cases, ancestral relationships are not agreed upon by evolutionary biologists |
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Term
| give an example of a typical biogeography-related mechanism for the origin of a new species: |
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Definition
| a rising mountain range separates members of a single species into two distinct populations, with distinct selective pressures bringing about evolutionary change |
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Term
| carbon-14 radiometric dating relies on: |
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Definition
| an assumption that the production of 14 C in the upper atmosphere has been constant throughout earth's history; the presence of organic material (material derived from the remains of living things) in sedimentary strata |
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Term
| the most common response in plants that is stimulated by cytokinins is: |
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Definition
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Term
| the main cell type that is used in transport through phloem tissues is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| who is most closely associated with the concept of geological uniformitarianism (a concept that was influential in the development of Darwin's theory) |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following are general features of the fossil records? |
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Definition
| simper species generally found in deeper/lower fossil strata, more complex forms in higher strata; new structures/forms often appear suddenly in the fossil record |
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Term
| what are fixed forms of nitrogen? |
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Definition
| ammonia (NH3); ammonium (NH4+); nitrate (NO3-) |
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Term
| auxin transport that occurs on lateral or basal surfaces of plant cells occurs largely due to |
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Definition
| transport through PIN transport proteins |
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Term
| limits of radiometric dating |
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Definition
| often require an assumption about the initial amounts present in a material |
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Term
| proposed geological timescale |
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Definition
| 4.55 billion year history |
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Term
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Definition
| a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or a species across many generations |
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Term
| from a genetic perspective, biological evolution involves |
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Definition
| changes in allele frequencies over time |
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Term
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Definition
| biological evolution viewed on a smaller scale, relating to genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time |
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Definition
| biological evolution viewed on a larger scale relating to formation of a new species or groups of species |
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Definition
| british naturalist born in 1809; developed a theory of evolution presented in 1858 |
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Definition
| variations of the ideal/"real" form; evolution would not occur in a world of perfectly adapted creatures |
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Definition
| presented an ordered "ladder of life" with each rung occupied; no room for change |
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Definition
| creator's plan could be understood by studying nature; adaptations/characteristics of organisms were evidence that creatures were designed for a particular purpose; classification allowed an appreciation of the hierarchial steps on the ladder of life |
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Definition
| 1707-78; father of taxonomy; classification were not attempts to establish evolutionary relations; "God creates, Linneaus aranges" |
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Definition
| interpreted fossil strata as a record of life's history; speculated that boundaries between fossil strata corresponded to the time of historical catastrophic events; catastrophic events caused mass extinctions |
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Term
| James Hutton and Charles Lyell |
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Definition
| profound geological change due to slow, continuous processes that continue to operate in the world; canyons formed by slow erosion, fossil bearing slow strata slowly accumulate over time suggesting that the earth is very old |
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Definition
| drive toward complexity; developed an early evolutionary model; organisms have the tendency to adapt and change in response to environment; continuous line of descent form simply ancient organisms more complex modern organisms. |
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Definition
| Anglican minister and "doomsday" economist; suggested that unchecked populations growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and ceaseless struggle for existance |
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Term
| where did Darwin travel to on his voyage on the Beagle? |
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Definition
| South America, Australia, Southern tip of Africa, Pacific Islands |
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Term
| Darwins descent with modification conclusions |
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Definition
| 2 separated populations of a species could diverge as each adapted to local conditions; or if environmental conditions change dramatically, a species' characteristics could change over time; over many generations, divergence could become enough to generate new species |
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Definition
| suggested to be a "traditional form" between fish and tetrapods; provides link between earlier and later forms; broad skull, flexible neck, eyes on top, primitive wrist and 5 fingers |
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Definition
| study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species |
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