Term
| What are the two types of Divine Revelation? |
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Definition
General Revelation
Special Revelation
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Term
| What are ad hominem attacks? |
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Definition
| attacks "against the man"; attacking the person. |
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Term
| We should be seeking to ______ general and special revelation. |
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Definition
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Term
| How old is the earth estimated to be, according to 6 day creation theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Day age theory suggests interpreting the Hebrew word "Yom" to be a(an) ___ instead of a literal 24 hour day. |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific evidence of old earth suggests that 6 day creation is (a) right (b) wrong. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does day age theory preserve the sequence of events in Genesis as a historical account? |
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Definition
| Yes, but it points to the days as ages; not 24 hour periods. |
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Term
| Does analogical days theory allow for an old earth interpretation? |
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Definition
| Yes; the workdays are only analogous to our days. |
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Term
| Does the framework hypothesis view specify the length of creation days in Genesis? |
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Definition
| No; the creation week is a metaphorical poetic vehicle. |
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Term
| What is the framework hypothesis view's stance on the importance of the order and timing of the creation days? |
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Definition
| The framework hypothesis views the order and timing as unimportant. |
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Term
| Which, if any, of the creation theories (6day, day age, analogical days, or framework hypothesis) reject unguided evolutionary mechanisms? |
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Definition
| All of them reject unguided evolutionary mechanisms. |
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Term
| What is the general organisation of fossils in sedimentary rock strata (with regards to complexity)? |
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Definition
| Simpler organisms are often found in deeper strata, while more complex organisms are found in upper strata. |
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Term
| What is the proposed geological timescale of the earth, in terms of millions or billions of years? |
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Definition
| It is approximately 4.55 billion years old, according to the scientific consensus. |
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Term
| Carbon 14 radiometric dating measures the ____ of C12 to C14? |
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Definition
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Term
| In potassium radiometric dating, the ratio of Potassium 40 to _________ is measured. |
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Definition
| The ratio of Potassium 40 to Argon 40 is measured. |
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Term
| These radiometric dating methods assume (a) constant, or (b) changing rates of radioactive decay? |
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Definition
| They assume constant rates of decay. |
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Term
| Define biological evolution. |
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Definition
"A heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations"
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Term
| From a genetic perspective, biological evolution involves changes in _____ frequency over time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does microevolution point to genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time? Or is that macroevolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| The type of evolution that points to the formation of new species or groups of species is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____ is a group of related organisms that share a distinctive form and function. |
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Definition
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Term
| Members of the same (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, or species) are capable of viable interbreeding? |
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Definition
| Members of the same species are capable of interbreeding. |
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Term
| In Darwin's day, Plato's essentialism dominated. Briefly describe essentialism. |
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Definition
| Plato's essentialism basically says that earthly objects are variations of the ideal, "real" form. |
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Term
| Is plato's essentialism compatable with Darwin's theory of Evolution? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| No. Plato's essentialism suggests a world of perfectly adapted creatures, while Darwin's theory suggests a world of imperfect creatures constantly adapting. |
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Term
| Who was referred to as the father of taxonomy? |
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Definition
| Linneaus was referred to as the father of taxonomy. |
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Term
| List out Linneaus' classificational hiearchy. |
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Definition
| Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. |
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Term
| Name the scientist responsible for the theory of Catastrophism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Catastrophism suggests that boundaries between fossil layers correspond to what, historically? |
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Definition
| It suggests that they correspond to the time of historical catastrophic events. |
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Term
| Catastropic events were purported to have caused what, according to Catastrophism? |
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Definition
| They were purported to have caused mass extinctions. |
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Term
| Describe Hutton and Lyell's view concerning geological change in the world. |
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Definition
| They accounted for geological change with the idea that slow, continuous processes continuing to operate in the world are responsible. |
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Term
| Describe as many features of Lamark's evolutionary theory as possible. |
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Definition
–Organisms have the tendency to adapt and change in response to their environment.
–A continuous line of descent from simple ancient organisms to more complex modern organisms.
–Organs or structures not used deteriorate, organs or structures that aid in survival are retained and strengthened
–Adaptive changes in an organism are heritable (passed on to offspring)
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Term
| Thomas Malthus suggested a ceaseless struggle for existence as a result of what? |
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Definition
| As a result of unchecked population growth. |
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Term
| Describe Malthus' influence on Darwin. |
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Definition
| It was that natural forces alter the features of living organisms over time. |
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Term
| On Darwin's voyage on the Beagle, he noted that South American flora and fauna were (a) distinct or (b) similar to flora and fauna found in Europe. |
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Definition
| He found that the flora and fauna were distinct. |
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Term
| South American flora and fauna species most closely resembled fossil organisms found on what continent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Darwin notice with the Galapagos finches, and how did it impact his theory. |
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Definition
| He noticed differences with their beak specialization. It served to futher solidify his theories on species specialization and evolution as a whole. |
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Term
| Descent with modification suggests that two separated populations of a species could diverge as each adapted to local conditions. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does descent with modification allow for the formation of new species? |
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Definition
| Yes. Eventually divergence could become pronounced enough to generate new species. |
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Term
| What is the controversial assertion of descent with modification? What does descent with modification ultimately point to, in terms of heritage? |
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Definition
| Ultimately, one can assert that going back far enough in time, all species are related through ancestral connections. |
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Term
| Mechanical isolation is an example of what? |
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Definition
| Prezygotic reproductive isolation. |
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Term
| Describe the Potassium 40 dating method. |
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Definition
| It is a radiometric dating method that relies on the presence of volcanic intrusion material (Potassium and argon) in between sedimentary layers. |
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Term
| The long snouts and tongues of giant anteaters and echindnas are often cited as examples of _________ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin's idea of the impact of limited resources on population growth were most likely to have been influenced by the ideas of who? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the "modern synthesis" refer to? |
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Definition
| The bringing together of modern understandings of genetic transmission/inheritance and Darwinian evolutionary theory. |
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Term
| What do preygotic barriers prevent? |
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Definition
| They prevent the formation of a zygote. |
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Term
| What do postzygotic barriers prevent? |
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Definition
| They prevent the development of viable, fertile individuals. |
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Term
| Reproductive isolating mechanisms are the consequence of genetic changes as species adapt to their environments, preventing the exchange of genetic material. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name four prezygotic barriers. |
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Definition
| Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation. |
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Term
| Describe habitat isolation. |
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Definition
| It is when a geographic barrier prevents contact. |
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Term
| Describe temporal isolation. |
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Definition
| It is when species reproduce at different times of day or year. |
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Term
| Describe behavioral isolation. |
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Definition
| It is when a change in mating behavior (song or dance) change, affecting mate choice. |
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Term
| Describe mechanical isolation. |
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Definition
| Size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating |
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Term
| Describe gametic isolation |
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Definition
-Gametes fail to unite successfully
-Important in species that release gametes into the water or air |
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Term
| When a fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages, it is an example of ________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When an interspecies hybrid is viable but sterile, it is an example of hybrid _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe hybrid breakdown. |
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Definition
| hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities |
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Term
| Define allopatric speciation. |
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Definition
| It is when some members of a species become geographically separated, and then diverge OR when a small population moves to a new location that is geographically separated |
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Term
| What is the "founder effect"? |
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Definition
| It is when a small population moves to a new location that is geographically separated |
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Term
| What are some results of the "founder effect"? |
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Definition
-Genetic drift and natural selection may quickly lead to differences
OR
-Adaptive radiation – single species evolves into array of descendents that differ greatly in habitat, form or behavior |
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Term
| When is sympatric speciation proposed to occur? |
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Definition
| It is proposed to occur when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species |
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Term
| What does sympatric speciation involve? |
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Definition
| It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals (otherwise, hybridization would erase the divergence) |
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Term
| Changes in the chromosome number in plans is an example of ______ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis resulting in self fertilization is an example of (a) autopolyploidy or (b) allopolyploidy? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ results from cross fertilization between two species. Is it autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most diverse plant division? |
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Definition
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Term
| About what percentage of plants exhibit "alternation of generations"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe some aspects of the gametophyte generation: |
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Definition
-Microscopic in flowering plants
-Produces gametes by mitosis |
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Term
| Describe some aspects of the sporophyte generation: |
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Definition
-In flowering plants, large, independent, recognizable “plant”
-Produces spores by meiosis |
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Term
| Mature flowering plants produce seeds and fruits: True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ encloses seeds and funcitons in seed dispersal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the seed to seed lifetime of annuals |
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Definition
| plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life |
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Term
| Describe the seed to seed lifetime of biennials |
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Definition
| ants that do not reproduce the first year but may the following year |
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Term
| Describe the seed to seed lifetime of perennials |
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Definition
| plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seed every year after maturity |
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Term
| What are the four essential processes of plant growth and development? |
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Definition
| Cell division, growth, cell specialization, and apoptosis. |
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Term
| Cell migration occurs during the development of plants. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. Cell migration does not occur during development of plants (unlike animals)- cells mature, differentiate where they are layed down. |
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Term
| Plants maintain a population of _____ ____s in plant meristems. |
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Definition
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Term
| What important cell development is controlled by the expansion of cells by water uptake? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Meristems are made up of what kind of cells? Name some of their characteristics. |
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Definition
| Stem cells - rapidly dividing. Fragile. |
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Term
| What does the protoderm do? |
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Definition
| It generates the epidermis |
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Term
| What does the procambium do? |
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Definition
| It produces vascular tissues (primarily xylem and phloem) |
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Term
| What does the ground meristem do? |
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Definition
| It produces ground tissues (cortex and pith) |
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Term
| What is the function of secondary meristems? |
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Definition
| Surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (i.e. larger in girth/diameter) |
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Term
| How do plant stem cells divide? |
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Definition
| Stem cells divide to produce one cell that remains unspecialized and another cell that is capable of differentiating into various types of specialized cells |
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Term
| What does growth in plants involve? (2 things) |
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Definition
Producing new cells
Cell expansion |
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Term
| How does expansion occur? |
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Definition
| Expansion occurs when water enters the central vacuole by osmosis |
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Term
| What does cell expansion allow for? |
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Definition
| Allows for rapid plant growth |
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Term
| What are the main photosynthetic systems in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – only one blade, advantageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption |
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Term
| Describe compound leaves. |
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Definition
| Complex or compound leaves – dissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation |
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Term
| Guard cells regulate stomal opening and closing. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They offer protection from excessive light, ultraviolet radiation, extreme air temperature, or attack by herbivores |
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Term
| Tendrils, tough scales, poinsetta petals, and cactus spines are examples of _____ leaves. |
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Definition
| They're examples of modified leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| They're attachment points for leaves and branches. |
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Term
| What are the regions between the nodes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe some big characteristics of buds |
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Definition
| They contain meristematic tissue, areas of growth (stems, leaves flowers) |
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Term
| Where is primary vascular tissue derived from? |
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Definition
| It's derived from primary meristem (procambium) |
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Term
| Where is secondary vascular tissue derived from? |
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Definition
| It's derived from secondary meristem (vascular cambium) |
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Term
| Do herbaceous seedlings have secondary vascular tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do woody plants have both primary and secondary tissue? |
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Definition
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