Term
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Definition
| it has been observed in recent centuries, can involve sudden changes in the number of sets of chromosomes in plants, and may occur within a population that occupies that same geographic range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protoderm, Procambium, and ground meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| upward directed roots that are thought to aid in gas exchange in tress that live in swampy areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| originate from the stem, and support the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| broad supporting structures in shallowly rooted trees |
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Term
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Definition
| one main root with many branches. Eudicots have this type of root. |
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Term
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Definition
| no main root, but lots of branching. Monocots have this type of root |
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Term
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Definition
| generates epidermis (outer covering of the root). Primary meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces vascular tissues (primary phloem/xylem). Produces vascular cambium in woody plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces ground tissues (cortex, pith). more central in root. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces outer bark, prote ting the surface of the plants as it grows in diameter. Cork cells mature when they die, layered with lignin and suberin to help prevent water loss in plant. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| changes in the genetic composition of a population of a particular species over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new species or groups of species through natural selective processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the main cell type that is used in transport through phloem tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular bundles are scattered throughout. Herbaceous, no vascular cambium. |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue arranged as a cylinder. piths: parenchyma cells inside the ring. |
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Term
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Definition
| netted veins w/ branching patterns provide more support to the leaf. Pinnate pr palmate venation. |
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Term
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Definition
| aides in sieve element for nutrients (w/ nucleus). Phloem moves through the hollow openings in the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ammonia (NH3), Ammonium (NH4+), and Nitrate (NO3-) |
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Term
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Definition
| View suggesting that Genesis days are meant to be interpreted as a ordered chronological account, but that "days" actually represent long periods? |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation week is a metaphor. The length is unspecified, and when and time are irrelevant. |
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Term
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Definition
| God's days are not the same as our days. Days might overlap, but it is more logical than chronological. |
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Term
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Definition
| All heavens and Earth were created in 6 literal days. Earth is 5,000-10,000 years old. Literal reading of the text. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes the production of this in the upper atmosphere must be constant throughout Earth's history. The presence of organic material(material derived from the remains of living things) in sedimentary strata. The less of this, the more N14 conversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deposited in volcanic rock layers. Decays into Argon 40. The less of this, the more Argon 40. |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed geological timescale |
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Term
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Definition
| become rock after deposits of minerals. shows distinctive assembled fossil organism. The simpler the organism, the lower down in the strata the organism. New structures often suddenly appear in fossil record. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4.5 billion years ago. End of the era was the presence of prokaryotes, like bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3.8 bya. Cyanobacteria/Photosynthetic bacteria. First eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 2.5 bya. Multicellular Eukaryotes. Bilateral eukaryotes. (Head, body, tail, belly). |
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Term
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Definition
| 543 mya. Most body forms of organisms found. Cambrian Explosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mollusks, insects, reptiles all found right after Phanerozoic era. All other organisms (mammals, birds) are found. |
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Term
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Definition
| No real precursor. A few species to many species. |
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Term
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Definition
| British born naturalist. "Origin of Species" published in 1859. Theory of Evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations. Genetically, it is a change in allele frequency over time. Fossil species cannot be assessed using this concept. Ancestral relationships are not agreed upon by evolutionary biologists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of related organisms that share a distinctive form/function. Among sexually reproducing species,same species are capable of interbreeding to produce viable and fertile offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presented same ideas as Darwin, but not at the same time. Questioned his own theory, so he was not given any credit. |
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Term
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Definition
| "ideal" form is what we see. Evolution would not occur if we were perfect. |
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Term
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Definition
| an ordered "ladder of life", getting more complex as you go. Every rung must be filled, and the species couldn't change. |
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Term
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Definition
| creator's plan could be understood by studying the creation. Adaptations/Characteristics were evidence of what their purpose was in God's design. No evolution. Systematic classification of species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of Taxonomy. came up with (D)K.P.C.O.F.G.S. He arranged God's creation, did not focus on origins, but on God's eternal design. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saw fossil strata a record of life's history. Catastrophism - boundaries between strata were a result of a huge catastrophic event. That is how organisms appeared in the same place. History is seen as huge catastrophes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The geological changes on earth are due to a slow, continuous process process. ex. canyons b/c of erosion, strata slowly building b/c of decay. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early evolutionary model. Organisms adapt in response to the environment. Continuous line of decent from simple ancient organisms to today's organisms. Organisms change to adapt to their environment, and adaptations are heritable. |
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Term
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Definition
| "doomsday" economist, Anglican minister. Said there were not enough resources for the population to keep growing. Struggle for existence. Influenced Darwin's thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits are transmitted from parent to offspring. Darwin---> natural forces bring out best characteristics in species, natural selection. |
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Term
| Darwin's Conceptual Framework Observation 1 |
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Definition
| If all individual species to reproduce the amount they are capable, population who grow exponentially. |
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Term
| Darwin's Conceptual Framework Observation 2 |
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Definition
| Environmental resources are often limited. Inference1: If an organism is not well adapted to it's environment, it will not survive. |
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Term
| Darwin's Conceptual Framework Observation 3 |
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Definition
| Variations within populations with many traits. ex. People are all different. |
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Term
| Darwin's Conceptual Framework Observation 4 |
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Definition
| Much of the variation is heritable. Inference 2: Natural Selection. Inference 3: population will shift to better adapted population to suit the environments resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes Darwin's ideas and fuses them with our molecular genetics (heritability). Natural variation is caused by random changes in the genetic material. Genetic changes may be advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral (most common). Is reproducing ability is increased, natural selection makes that change evident in future generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the geographical distributions of extinct and modern species. Extinct species fossil distribution attempts to figure out where different species were present (continental drift). Modern species distributions sees where modern species are from , and what pressures effect the population. Isolated communities (islands) have own distinct plant and animal communities. Geological change may foster separation of populations, set up distinct selection conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, but occupy similar environments. ex. Body shape of dolphins and fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| similarities in the structure of distinct animal species attributed to a common ancestor with that structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous structures(structures in different species that are derived from a common ancestor). Vestigial structures: are anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent current function, such as wiggling ears, tail bone, and appendix in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species that differ as adults often bear significant similarities during embryonic stages. ex. Gills and long bony tails in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biochemical similarities. Ex. all species use DNA to store information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homologous genes: 2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene. May reveal possible molecular details of evolutionary change. Similar gene expressions but not identical because of the accumulation of mutations over time. The longer the time since the common ancestor. the larger the divergence. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.4 million species known. Could be 2-100 million |
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Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
| Species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits. Advantage: Can apply to all organisms (sexual, asexual, Dead, and Alive). Drawbacks: Different traits can be considered by different scientists. Continuous spectrum of divergence. Need to know where to draw the line. |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
| A species is a group of individuals whose member have the potential to interbreeding with one another on nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species (mules). Defined by reproductive isolation in natural environments (liger). Problems: Difficult to determine if 2 populations are actually reproductively isolated. Does not apply to asexual or extinct species. |
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Term
| Evolutionary/Phylogenic Species Concept |
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Definition
| Species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct and has it's own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.There is a genetic relationship b/w an individual or group of individuals and it's ancestors. Drawback - lineages are often difficult to examine and often are controversial. |
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Term
| Evolutionary/Phylogenic Species Concept |
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Definition
| Species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct and has it's own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.There is a genetic relationship b/w an individual or group of individuals and it's ancestors. Drawback - lineages are often difficult to examine and often are controversial. |
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Term
| Ecological Species Concept |
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Definition
| Each species occupies its own ecological niche. Organisms compete with each other for survival. Drawbacks: har to tell the distinct species. |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent formation of zygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| Block development of viable, fertile individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Geographic barrier prevents contact |
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Term
|
Definition
| reproduce at different times of the day or year. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior is important in mate choice (changes in bird song). |
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Term
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Definition
| Size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gametes fail to unite successfully. Important w/ species that release gametes into water or air. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fertilized eggs cannot progress past early embryonic stages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interspecies hybrid viable but sterile |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common source of evolution. Occurs when members of the same species become geographically separated and then diverge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Splitting on lineages. Part of allopatric speciation |
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Term
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Definition
| When a small population moves to a new location that is geographically separated. Genetic drift and natural selection may quickly lead to differences. Part of allopatric speciation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| single species evolves onto array of descendants that differ greatly in habit, form, or behavior. Part of allopatric speciation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when members of the same species that initially occupy the same habit within the same range diverge into two or more different species (Interbreeding). Can involve abrupt genetic change that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis, self-fertilization. (diploid instead of haploid). Self-fert in plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| From a historic cross b/w two species. Most offspring produced is sterile, but could reproduce asexually. |
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Term
| Alternation of generations |
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Definition
| sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid(mitosis), gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid(meiosis), spore-producing; the spores of the latter reinitiate the haploid phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic is flowering plants. Produce gametes by mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| In flowering plants, large, independent, recognizable plants. Produce spores by meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that do not produce fruit that first year, but the second year. |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seeds every year. |
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Term
| Four essential processes of plants growth and development |
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Definition
| Cell division (mitosis), growth (cell expansion), cells speciation (differentiation), and apoptosis (cell suicide). |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not occur during development of plants (unlike animals) - dells mature, differentiate where they are laid down (plant cell wall). |
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Term
| Shoot apical meristem (SAM) |
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Definition
| Rapidly diving cells at the shoot tips and branch tips. Produces shoot system (stem, branches, leaves, an other organ systems). |
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Term
| Root apical meristem (RAM) |
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Definition
| Rapidly dividing cells at the root tips. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (i.e. larger in girth/diameter. (Vascular cambium, cork cambium). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contain stem cells, remaining undifferentiated but can produce new cells capable of differentiating into specialized tissues. Plant stem cell divides to produce one cell that remains unspecialized and another cell that is differentiates in to various types of specialized cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when water enters the central vacuole by osmosis. ATP is used to pump NaCL into vacuole, causing concentrations of NaCL to be increased, getting more water into cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| only one blade, advantageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption. |
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Term
| Complex or Compound Leaves |
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Definition
| dissected into leaflets, common in bot environment for heat dissipation. |
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Term
| Waxy cuticle on epidermis helps... |
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Definition
| Avoid desiccation (drying out), filter UV radiation (could be damaging for DNA), and reduce microbe animal attack. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulate stomatal opening an closing |
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Term
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Definition
| offer protection from excessive light, UV radiation, extreme air temperature, or attack by herbivores. |
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Term
| General Overview of Stems |
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Definition
| Support plant body, hold up the leaves, and may function as storage and photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Do photosynthesis and leaves (spikes) do none. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attachment for leaves and branches from stems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The region between the nodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contain meristematic tissue, area of growth (leaves, stems, flowers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Derived from primary meristems (procambium) |
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Term
| Secondary vascular tissue |
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Definition
| Derived form secondary meristem (vascular cambium). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Herbacious (non-woody) plants produce mostly primary vascular tissues. Woody plants produce primary and secondary vascular tissue. Woody plants begin as herbacious seeding with only primary vascular systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| red-light receptors, stimulating cell response from the stimulation of light. |
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Term
| Two types of phytochromes |
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Definition
| Pfr (far red-light receptor) and Pr (red-light receptor). Pfr is the active form, stimulating cell response. Pr is the inactive form, causing no response from the cell. During the day, Pr receives red-light, converting into Pfr for seed germination to occur. During the night, Pfr absorbs far red-light, converting into Pr, stopping germination process. The more Pfr in the plant, the more seed germination occurs. |
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Term
| Experiment showing impact of phytochromes on seed germination |
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Definition
| A long-day plant (plant that needs more light than dark in a 24 hour cycle) was exposed to light in the middle of it's dark period. This caused Pr to convert back to Pfr, allowing more seed germination to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| stems growing and moving towards the light. It is a natural process of auxin addition, not man-made. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conducted an experiment, using agar blocks soaked in auxin protein, to manipulate the stems and prove phototropism. They chopped off the top off the shoots they used, eliminated natural addition of auxin from the SAM, and instead provided their own auxin through the agar blocks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dead cells. Hollow out as plant cell dies (for water movement). |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily in charge of flow of water and dissolved material, up from the ground into the tree. In vascular bundle, is located towards the center of the stem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transport of organic material (dissolved sugars0 from leaves to roots to other ares of plant (flow can be both directions, depending on the time of year [source or sink]). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made of trachieds and vessel elements. Primary vascular cambium. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made of seive elements (living cells) and companion cells. Phloem moves through the hollow openings in the middle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| underground stems. Not a root. Means of expansion. Asexual, vegetative reproduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| above ground creeping stem (like prop roots). Asexual, vegetative reproduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Potatoes and onions, irises, and tulips are examples. Underground modified stems that store food. Asexual, vegetative reproduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epidermis of mature roots encloses ground parenchyma (root cortex). Cortex stores starch (food storage site). Pericycle encloses root vascular tissue (produces lateral roots, like branches. Woody roots produce primary vascular tissues followed by secondary vascular tissues. |
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Term
| Root Growth: Root meristem and root cap |
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Definition
| Protects root apical meristem. RAM contains stem cells, protoderm (epidermal tissues), ground meristem, and procambium (makes vascular tissue). Makes root cap. Root tips embedded in lubricating mucigel. |
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Term
| Root Growth: zone of elongation |
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Definition
| Cells extend water uptake. Root is "growing" |
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Term
| Root Growth: zone of maturation |
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Definition
| Where cells are going onto final functional state. BIG KEY: Root hairs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrical signals: action potential particularly important in rapid plants to respond to stimuli. Chemical signals: hormones control plant cell, tissue, and organ development. Allow plants to respond to stimuli. |
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Term
| External plant responses: Environmental |
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Definition
| Light, atmospheric gases (CO2, water vapor), temperature, touch, wind, gravity, soil, rocks. |
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Term
| External plant responses: Biological |
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Definition
| Herbaceous, pathogens, organic chemicals from neighboring plants, and beneficial |
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|
Term
| External plant responses: Human |
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Definition
| Agricultural chemicals including hormones. |
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Term
| Plant Signal Transduction |
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Definition
| Process in which a cell perceives an external/internal signal, switching on an intracellular pathway that leads to cellular responses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that become activated when they receive the signal (Binding of chemical, absorption of energy). |
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Term
| Messengers or second messengers |
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Definition
| Transmit messenger from many types of activated sensors to effector molecules (ex. Calcium). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Molecules in plants that effect physiological change that occurs. Involves activation/repression of gene expression. SIgnal transduction ends when an effector causes a cellular response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and brassinosteriods (estrogen and testosterone). One hormone can have multiple effects. Different concentrations or combinations can produce distinct responses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of structurally related compounds. Apical basal polarity of plant body: Important in the development of vascular tissues. Apical-top, basal-bottom. |
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|
Term
| Auxin transport in plant body |
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Definition
| Produced primarily in apical shoot tips and young leaves (apical meristems). Directionally transported. Hydrophobic, uncharged small things can move through a cell membrane (auxin may enters the cell by diffusion). |
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|
Term
| AUX1 plasma membrane protein |
|
Definition
| Auxin influx carrier at apical cell end - up and down |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transport auxin out (auxin efflux carrier) at basal or lateral surfaces of cells - across. |
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Term
|
Definition
| auxin flos down in shoots and into roots. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Seed-fruit production (stimulates flower ovaries to mature into fruit), retardation of premature fruit drop, used as commercial rooting compound, pinching topmost shoots alters new outgrowth, produces bushy plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shoots of seedlings left uncovered grew toward the light. Shoots of seedlings with covered or removed tips did not. Seeding shoot tips transmitted some "influence" to lower shoot portions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Promote cell division in plant shoots and roots |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stem development, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, and leaf and fruit maturation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulus/regulates ripening in fruit, opening of flowers, abscission of leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
| help plants respond to environmental stresses such as excess/too little water, extreme salt, heat, cold, and attack by microorganisms and herbivores. Abscisic, Salicylic, and Jasmonic acid and brassinosteriods. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wide variety of chemical defenses. Jasmonic acid causes synthesis of repulsive chemicals in leaf tissue. Causes leaves to be less attractive. Attract predators of the herbivores; causes releases of chemicals to other plants in other areas, saying the herbivore is coming. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals produced by bacterial and fungal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Growth in response to the force of gravity. Shoots are said to be negatively gravitrophic. Most roots are positively gravitrophic. Statocytes contain starch-heavy plastids called statoliths. Heavy statoliths sink, causing changes in calcium ion messengers, inducing lateral auxin transport. Changes direction of root or shoot growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Touch responses. Stimulates lateral growth in plant. As roots encounter rocks, root grow horizontally until they get around the barrier and go back down. Touch responses overrides gravitropism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins specialized to change in response to light exposure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Help young seedlings determine if light environment bright enough for photosynthesis. If not, seedlings continue to grow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Main blue-light receptor involved in phototropism. Becomes phosphorelated when expressed to blue light, converting light signal to chemical signal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Time of flowering in plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flowers regardless of day or night length. Meet minimal requirements for plants growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beneficial substance metabolized by or incorporated into an organism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| substance needed by plants in order to complete their reproductive cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| required amount of at least 1g/kg of plant dry matter. Nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur (water, CO2). |
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|
Term
| Micronutrients or trace elements |
|
Definition
| required in amounts about or less than 0.1g/kg. Chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, sodium, copper, molybdenium, and nickel. |
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|
Term
| Nutrients that are limiting factors |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide, water, and other mineral nutrients can limit reproduction in plants. |
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|
Term
| Mychorhizzal (plant-fungal) associations |
|
Definition
| 90% of seed plants have fungal symbiotic association. Fungi live around or within root. Obtain organic food from plant, and give water and nutrients to plant. Very efficient way to harvest water/nutrients (especially phosphorous). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plants cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell has a cytosol/vacuole full of water and plasma membrane pushes up against cell wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cell has lost so much water that turgor pressure lost, cell membrane pulls away from cell wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In between the two extremes of turgid and plasmolyzed cells. |
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