Term
| Give one of the differences between General Revelation and Special Revelation. |
|
Definition
| General Revelation is addressed to everyone, while Special Revelation is addressed to a special class of sinners. |
|
|
Term
| What should we avoid when facing different positions on creation? |
|
Definition
1)Shameful reaction (ad hominem attacks)
2)Abandoning attempts to reconcile general&special revelation
3)Jumping to poorly considered conditions |
|
|
Term
| We should humbly realize the fallen-ness of our faculties in __________? (List two) |
|
Definition
1)interpreting general&special revelation
2)properly knitting together the two with our abilities |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main interpretations of the Genesis account of creation days? |
|
Definition
1)6-day
2)Day-Age
3)Analogical Days |
|
|
Term
| What is the 6-day's view on the age of earth? |
|
Definition
| It's most often associated with a young earth. Earth is viewed as 4~5000 years old. |
|
|
Term
| How does Day-Age defines a day? |
|
Definition
"Yom" = a day
not 24-hr period |
|
|
Term
| What's Analogical Days' view on days? |
|
Definition
| Days are God's work days, not identical to our work days |
|
|
Term
| What is the main common problem of the three views on creation? (6-day, Day-Age, Analogical Days) |
|
Definition
| They all reject unguided evolutionary mechanisms as the ultimate source of biological diversity. |
|
|
Term
| __________ shows distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does complexity of organisms differ in rock strata? |
|
Definition
| Simpler organisms are found in deeper strata, and more complex ones are found in higher strata. |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of radiometric dating of fossils. |
|
Definition
1)Carbon-14 in upper atmosphere decaying into Nitrogen-14 ; ratio of C12 to C14 can suggest age of specimen
2)Potassium-40 deposited in volcanic rock layers change into Argon-40 |
|
|
Term
| What are the limits of radiometric dating techniques? |
|
Definition
1)It often requires assumption about initial amounts present in a material.
2)It assumes constant rates of radioactive decay. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of biological evolution? |
|
Definition
| a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? |
|
Definition
| Microevolution views on a larger scale relating to genetic changes of a population over time, but macroevolution views on larger scale relating to formation of new species. |
|
|
Term
| What are members of the same species (that reproduce sexually) capable of? |
|
Definition
| They can interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Who are the main two Greek philosophical figures that influenced Darwin's ideas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the idea of Plato's essentialism? |
|
Definition
| Evolution would not occur in a world of perfectly adapted creatures. |
|
|
Term
| What was Darwin's theological perspective on creation? |
|
Definition
| Creator's plan could be understood by studying nature. Adaptation of organisms were evidence that creatures were designed for a particular purpose. |
|
|
Term
| ________ is called "Father of Taxonomy." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who advocated catastrophism? And what was the basic idea of catastrophism? |
|
Definition
| Cuvier. Speculated that boundaries between fossil strata correspond to the time of historical catastrophic events. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the scientist that developed an early evolutionary model, and suggested that organisms have the tendency to adapt and change due to their environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An Anglican minister and "doomsday" economist, Malthus, suggested what? |
|
Definition
| Unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and a ceaseless struggle for existence. |
|
|
Term
| Explain selective breeding. |
|
Definition
1)Many traits are transmitted from parents to offspring.
2)Selected characteristics chosen by breeders are passed on. |
|
|
Term
| On his voyage to Beagle, Darwin read _______'s _______________ that influenced his view on earth. |
|
Definition
| Lyell, Principles of Geology |
|
|
Term
| What was Darwin's observation on his trip regarding the influence of climate on organisms? |
|
Definition
1)South American flora and fauna were distinct from that found in Europe.
2)Temperate South American flora and sauna were more similar to tropical South American ones than in temperate climates in Europe. |
|
|
Term
| This idea suggests that genetic changes affect natural variation in organisms, whether it is advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main three evidence cited in support of Evolutionary Theory? |
|
Definition
1)The Fossil Record
2)Biogeography
3)Convergent Evolution |
|
|
Term
| In contrast to Darwin's thought of transitional form, what did fossil record show about changes? |
|
Definition
| Many changes suddenly appear,and gradual changes are relatively rare. |
|
|
Term
| How is Cambrian Explosion related to the theory of evolution? |
|
Definition
| Sudden change of biological environment triggers rapid rates of evolution. |
|
|
Term
| What are some geographical effects on traits of organisms? |
|
Definition
| Geological change may foster separation of populations, setting up distinct selection conditions. |
|
|
Term
| What is convergent Evolution? |
|
Definition
| Two different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, and they occupy similar environments. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of proposed convergent traits? |
|
Definition
Overall body forms of dolphins and fish.
Antifreeze proteins in different very cold water fish. |
|
|
Term
| What is the concept of homology? |
|
Definition
| Similarities between organisms attributed to common evolutionary ancestor |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of homology? |
|
Definition
| Anatomical, Developmental, Molecular, Genetic |
|
|
Term
| Explain anatomical homology. |
|
Definition
| Homologous structures are structures in different species that are proposed to be derived from common ancestor. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of Developmental Homology? |
|
Definition
Notochord present in all chordates
Large bony tails present in human embryos |
|
|
Term
| What do similarities in cells at the molecular suggest about common ancestor of organisms? |
|
Definition
| Living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors. |
|
|
Term
| What are homologous genes? |
|
Definition
| 2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene |
|
|
Term
| The ________ the time since the hypothetical common ancestor, the __________ the divergence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to identify a "species"? |
|
Definition
| Because a single species may exist in 2 distinct populations might have been in the process of evolving into 2 more distinct species. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways of defining species? |
|
Definition
| Morphological Species, Biological Species, Evolutionary Species, Ecological Species |
|
|
Term
| What is the concept of Morphological Species? |
|
Definition
| Species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits. |
|
|
Term
| What are advantages of Morphological Species concept? |
|
Definition
1)Can be applied to all organisms
2)Can be applied to extinct organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic relationship between an individual organism or group of individuals and its ancestors |
|
|
Term
| What is evolutionary species concept? |
|
Definition
| A species is derived from a single lineage |
|
|
Term
| What is the concept of ecological species? |
|
Definition
| Each species occupies a unique ecological niche |
|
|
Term
| What do prezygotic barriers do? |
|
Definition
| They prevent formation of zygote. |
|
|
Term
| What do postzygotic barriers do? |
|
Definition
| They block development of viable, fertile individuals. |
|
|
Term
| What are the kinds of prezygotic barriers? |
|
Definition
| Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation |
|
|
Term
| What are the kinds of post-zygotic barriers? |
|
Definition
| Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Which isolations are before the mating and what are after? |
|
Definition
Before - habitat, temporal, behavioral
After - mechanical, gametic |
|
|
Term
| What are the two speciation mechanisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cladogenesis refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of separation causes the divergence in allopatric speciation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small population moves to a new location that's geographically separated |
|
|
Term
| What is adaptive radiation? |
|
Definition
| Single species evolves into array of descendents that differ in habitat, form, or behavior |
|
|
Term
| In what environment organisms diverge in sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| Members of a species occupy the same habitat within the same range |
|
|
Term
| In sympatric speciation, abrupt genetic changes lead to the reproductive isolation. What is one of the examples? |
|
Definition
| Changes in chromosome number in plants |
|
|
Term
| What are two mechanisms of change in chromosomal number? |
|
Definition
| Autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis, self-fertilization |
|
|
Term
| What causes allopolyploidy? |
|
Definition
| Results from cross fertilization between two species |
|
|
Term
| ___________ make up the most diverse division. Their species are more than all others combined, and they exhibit alternation of generation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is alternation of generation? |
|
Definition
| Sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid phase is followed by a diploid phase |
|
|
Term
| Gametophyte produce _________ by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sporophyte produce _________ by _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do flower tissues, fruits, and seeds enclose? |
|
Definition
Flower tissues - male/female gametophytes
Fruits - seeds
Seeds - plant embryos |
|
|
Term
| What kind of seed-to-seed lifetimes are there? |
|
Definition
| annuals, biennials, prerennials |
|
|
Term
| What are four essential processes in growth and development of a flowering plant? |
|
Definition
| Cell division, cell growth, cell specialization, and apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
|
|
Term
| What are three generalized types of meristems? |
|
Definition
| apical meristems, primary meristems, secondary meristems |
|
|
Term
| List two kinds of apical meristems |
|
Definition
| Shoot apical meristem (SAM), root apical meristem (RAM) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of primary meristem? |
|
Definition
| protoderm, procambium, ground meristem |
|
|
Term
| What do secondary meristmes do? |
|
Definition
| They surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in leaf venation of monocot leaves and eudicot leaves? |
|
Definition
| Monocot leaves have parallel venation while eudicot leaves and pinnate/palmate venation. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of cuticle on epidermis? |
|
Definition
1)avoid drying out (desiccation)
2)filter UV radiation
3)reduce microbe&animal attack |
|
|
Term
| What cells regulate stomatal opening and closing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is common about tendrils, peinsetta petals, and cactus spines? |
|
Definition
| They are modified leaves. |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of stems? |
|
Definition
1)support for the plant body
2)carries nutrients throughout plant
3)defense system to protect against predators and infection |
|
|
Term
| What is xylem responsible for? |
|
Definition
| the transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant body |
|
|
Term
| What is phloem responsible for? |
|
Definition
| the transport of organic nutrients from leaves/roots to other areas of the plant |
|
|
Term
| Where does primary vascular tissue arise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parenchyma cells are unspecialized in which vascular tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary vascular tissue is produced by ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do secondary xylem and phloem conduct? |
|
Definition
xylem - wood
phloem - inner bark |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of modified stems? |
|
Definition
| rhizomes, stolons, tubers, bulbs |
|
|
Term
| What's rich in root cortex cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stem cills, protoderm, ground meristem, procambium |
|
|
Term
| How are eudicots and monocots different in their root systems? |
|
Definition
| Eudicots have taproots and monocots have firous roots. |
|
|
Term
| What are some other types of roots? |
|
Definition
| prop roots, buttress roots, pneumatophores, fleshy storage roots |
|
|
Term
| What does signal transduction in plant involve? |
|
Definition
| receptors(sensors), messengers, effectors |
|
|
Term
| What is master plant hormone that influence plant structure, development, and behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apical shoot tips and young leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| auxin flows down in shoots and into roots |
|
|
Term
| What do stress hormones do? |
|
Definition
| They help plants respond to environmental stresses. |
|
|
Term
| What is plant's response to herbivore attack? |
|
Definition
| releases jasmonic acid, causing synthesis of chemicals that are repulsive to herbivore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's growth in response to the force of gravity. |
|
|
Term
| Are shoots and roots positively or negatively gravitropic? |
|
Definition
| Shoots are negatively gravitropic, but roots are positively gravitropic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's responses of plants to touches. |
|
|
Term
| Which response supersedes the other? Gravitropism or thigmotropism? |
|
Definition
| Thigmotropism temporarily supersedes gravitropism. |
|
|
Term
| What affects a plant's speed of response to touch? |
|
Definition
| More water content of cells cause more rapid responses. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of thigmotropism. |
|
Definition
| Electrical impulse transmitted, cause pumping of ions, loss of plant cell turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of anatomical homology? |
|
Definition
| ear wiggling muscles, tail bone, appendix in humans |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of developmental homology? |
|
Definition
| notochord present in all chordates, presence of brranchial arches in human&fish embryos |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of molecular homology? |
|
Definition
1)All living species use DNA to store information
2)Certain biochemical pathways are found in nearly all species |
|
|
Term
| What's the known number of species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________________ plants produce mostly primary vascular tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells extend by water uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Root cell differentiation and tissue specialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced by cork cambium, it protects the surface of the plant as it grows in diameter. |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| A species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential tointerbreed with one another in nature to produce viable offspring, but not with other members |
|
|
Term
| What are the problems with biological species concept? |
|
Definition
1)It may be difficult to determine if 2 populations are truly reproductively isolated
2)Cannot be applied to asexual species/extinct species |
|
|
Term
| What is the drawback of evolutionary species concept? |
|
Definition
| It is difficult to examine and identify lineages |
|
|
Term
| What is the drawback of ecological species concept? |
|
Definition
| It depends on how fully the niche and the needs of the organisms are known |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geographic barrier prevents contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproduce at different times of the day or year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors important in mate choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gametes fail to unite successfullly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interspecies hybrid viable but sterile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnomalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Rapidly dividing cells at the root tips |
|
|
Term
| What does shoot apical meristem produce? |
|
Definition
| stems, branches, leaves, and other organ systems |
|
|
Term
| What does root apical meristem produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does protoderm produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does procambium produce? |
|
Definition
| vascular tissues (xylem&phloem) |
|
|
Term
| What does ground meristem produce? |
|
Definition
| ground tissues (cortex, pith) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote cell division in plant shoots and roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, leaf and fruit maturation, and senescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates or regulates the ripening of fruit, the opening of flower, and the shedding of leaves |
|
|
Term
| Give one example of thigmotropism |
|
Definition
| grasping behavior of vine tendrils |
|
|
Term
| In what ways does auxin influence plant? |
|
Definition
1)apical-basal polarity of plant body
2)development of vascular tissues
3)Alter pattern of growth and development in response to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AUX1 plasma membrane protein at apical cell end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PIN proteins at basal or lateral surfaces of cells |
|
|
