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Covenant BIO112 Exam 1
Biology
134
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/29/2012

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Term
Give one of the differences between General Revelation and Special Revelation.
Definition
General Revelation is addressed to everyone, while Special Revelation is addressed to a special class of sinners.
Term
What should we avoid when facing different positions on creation?
Definition
1)Shameful reaction (ad hominem attacks)
2)Abandoning attempts to reconcile general&special revelation
3)Jumping to poorly considered conditions
Term
We should humbly realize the fallen-ness of our faculties in __________? (List two)
Definition
1)interpreting general&special revelation
2)properly knitting together the two with our abilities
Term
What are the three main interpretations of the Genesis account of creation days?
Definition
1)6-day
2)Day-Age
3)Analogical Days
Term
What is the 6-day's view on the age of earth?
Definition
It's most often associated with a young earth. Earth is viewed as 4~5000 years old.
Term
How does Day-Age defines a day?
Definition
"Yom" = a day
not 24-hr period
Term
What's Analogical Days' view on days?
Definition
Days are God's work days, not identical to our work days
Term
What is the main common problem of the three views on creation? (6-day, Day-Age, Analogical Days)
Definition
They all reject unguided evolutionary mechanisms as the ultimate source of biological diversity.
Term
__________ shows distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms.
Definition
Sedimentary rock strata
Term
How does complexity of organisms differ in rock strata?
Definition
Simpler organisms are found in deeper strata, and more complex ones are found in higher strata.
Term
Give examples of radiometric dating of fossils.
Definition
1)Carbon-14 in upper atmosphere decaying into Nitrogen-14 ; ratio of C12 to C14 can suggest age of specimen
2)Potassium-40 deposited in volcanic rock layers change into Argon-40
Term
What are the limits of radiometric dating techniques?
Definition
1)It often requires assumption about initial amounts present in a material.
2)It assumes constant rates of radioactive decay.
Term
What is the definition of biological evolution?
Definition
a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations
Term
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Definition
Microevolution views on a larger scale relating to genetic changes of a population over time, but macroevolution views on larger scale relating to formation of new species.
Term
What are members of the same species (that reproduce sexually) capable of?
Definition
They can interbreed to produce viable and fertile offspring.
Term
Who are the main two Greek philosophical figures that influenced Darwin's ideas?
Definition
Plato and Aristotle
Term
What is the idea of Plato's essentialism?
Definition
Evolution would not occur in a world of perfectly adapted creatures.
Term
What was Darwin's theological perspective on creation?
Definition
Creator's plan could be understood by studying nature. Adaptation of organisms were evidence that creatures were designed for a particular purpose.
Term
________ is called "Father of Taxonomy."
Definition
Linneaus
Term
Who advocated catastrophism? And what was the basic idea of catastrophism?
Definition
Cuvier. Speculated that boundaries between fossil strata correspond to the time of historical catastrophic events.
Term
Who was the scientist that developed an early evolutionary model, and suggested that organisms have the tendency to adapt and change due to their environment?
Definition
Lamarck
Term
An Anglican minister and "doomsday" economist, Malthus, suggested what?
Definition
Unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and a ceaseless struggle for existence.
Term
Explain selective breeding.
Definition
1)Many traits are transmitted from parents to offspring.
2)Selected characteristics chosen by breeders are passed on.
Term
On his voyage to Beagle, Darwin read _______'s _______________ that influenced his view on earth.
Definition
Lyell, Principles of Geology
Term
What was Darwin's observation on his trip regarding the influence of climate on organisms?
Definition
1)South American flora and fauna were distinct from that found in Europe.
2)Temperate South American flora and sauna were more similar to tropical South American ones than in temperate climates in Europe.
Term
This idea suggests that genetic changes affect natural variation in organisms, whether it is advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral.
Definition
Modern Synthesis
Term
What are the main three evidence cited in support of Evolutionary Theory?
Definition
1)The Fossil Record
2)Biogeography
3)Convergent Evolution
Term
In contrast to Darwin's thought of transitional form, what did fossil record show about changes?
Definition
Many changes suddenly appear,and gradual changes are relatively rare.
Term
How is Cambrian Explosion related to the theory of evolution?
Definition
Sudden change of biological environment triggers rapid rates of evolution.
Term
What are some geographical effects on traits of organisms?
Definition
Geological change may foster separation of populations, setting up distinct selection conditions.
Term
What is convergent Evolution?
Definition
Two different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, and they occupy similar environments.
Term
What are some examples of proposed convergent traits?
Definition
Overall body forms of dolphins and fish.
Antifreeze proteins in different very cold water fish.
Term
What is the concept of homology?
Definition
Similarities between organisms attributed to common evolutionary ancestor
Term
What are the four types of homology?
Definition
Anatomical, Developmental, Molecular, Genetic
Term
Explain anatomical homology.
Definition
Homologous structures are structures in different species that are proposed to be derived from common ancestor.
Term
What are some examples of Developmental Homology?
Definition
Notochord present in all chordates
Large bony tails present in human embryos
Term
What do similarities in cells at the molecular suggest about common ancestor of organisms?
Definition
Living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors.
Term
What are homologous genes?
Definition
2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene
Term
The ________ the time since the hypothetical common ancestor, the __________ the divergence.
Definition
longer, greater
Term
Why is it difficult to identify a "species"?
Definition
Because a single species may exist in 2 distinct populations might have been in the process of evolving into 2 more distinct species.
Term
What are the three ways of defining species?
Definition
Morphological Species, Biological Species, Evolutionary Species, Ecological Species
Term
What is the concept of Morphological Species?
Definition
Species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits.
Term
What are advantages of Morphological Species concept?
Definition
1)Can be applied to all organisms
2)Can be applied to extinct organisms
Term
What is lineage?
Definition
Genetic relationship between an individual organism or group of individuals and its ancestors
Term
What is evolutionary species concept?
Definition
A species is derived from a single lineage
Term
What is the concept of ecological species?
Definition
Each species occupies a unique ecological niche
Term
What do prezygotic barriers do?
Definition
They prevent formation of zygote.
Term
What do postzygotic barriers do?
Definition
They block development of viable, fertile individuals.
Term
What are the kinds of prezygotic barriers?
Definition
Habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation
Term
What are the kinds of post-zygotic barriers?
Definition
Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown
Term
Which isolations are before the mating and what are after?
Definition
Before - habitat, temporal, behavioral
After - mechanical, gametic
Term
What are the two speciation mechanisms?
Definition
Allopatric and sympatric
Term
What does cladogenesis refer to?
Definition
Splitting of lineages
Term
What kind of separation causes the divergence in allopatric speciation?
Definition
Geographical separation
Term
What is founder effect?
Definition
Small population moves to a new location that's geographically separated
Term
What is adaptive radiation?
Definition
Single species evolves into array of descendents that differ in habitat, form, or behavior
Term
In what environment organisms diverge in sympatric speciation?
Definition
Members of a species occupy the same habitat within the same range
Term
In sympatric speciation, abrupt genetic changes lead to the reproductive isolation. What is one of the examples?
Definition
Changes in chromosome number in plants
Term
What are two mechanisms of change in chromosomal number?
Definition
Autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy
Term
What is autopolyploidy?
Definition
Non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis, self-fertilization
Term
What causes allopolyploidy?
Definition
Results from cross fertilization between two species
Term
___________ make up the most diverse division. Their species are more than all others combined, and they exhibit alternation of generation.
Definition
Flowering plants
Term
What is alternation of generation?
Definition
Sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid phase is followed by a diploid phase
Term
Gametophyte produce _________ by __________.
Definition
gametes, mitosis
Term
Sporophyte produce _________ by _________.
Definition
spores, meiosis
Term
What do flower tissues, fruits, and seeds enclose?
Definition
Flower tissues - male/female gametophytes
Fruits - seeds
Seeds - plant embryos
Term
What kind of seed-to-seed lifetimes are there?
Definition
annuals, biennials, prerennials
Term
What are four essential processes in growth and development of a flowering plant?
Definition
Cell division, cell growth, cell specialization, and apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Term
What are three generalized types of meristems?
Definition
apical meristems, primary meristems, secondary meristems
Term
List two kinds of apical meristems
Definition
Shoot apical meristem (SAM), root apical meristem (RAM)
Term
What are the three types of primary meristem?
Definition
protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
Term
What do secondary meristmes do?
Definition
They surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally.
Term
What is the difference in leaf venation of monocot leaves and eudicot leaves?
Definition
Monocot leaves have parallel venation while eudicot leaves and pinnate/palmate venation.
Term
What are the functions of cuticle on epidermis?
Definition
1)avoid drying out (desiccation)
2)filter UV radiation
3)reduce microbe&animal attack
Term
What cells regulate stomatal opening and closing?
Definition
guard cells
Term
What is common about tendrils, peinsetta petals, and cactus spines?
Definition
They are modified leaves.
Term
What are some characteristics of stems?
Definition
1)support for the plant body
2)carries nutrients throughout plant
3)defense system to protect against predators and infection
Term
What is xylem responsible for?
Definition
the transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant body
Term
What is phloem responsible for?
Definition
the transport of organic nutrients from leaves/roots to other areas of the plant
Term
Where does primary vascular tissue arise?
Definition
procambium
Term
Parenchyma cells are unspecialized in which vascular tissue?
Definition
primary xylem
Term
Secondary vascular tissue is produced by ___________.
Definition
vascular cambium
Term
What do secondary xylem and phloem conduct?
Definition
xylem - wood
phloem - inner bark
Term
What are the examples of modified stems?
Definition
rhizomes, stolons, tubers, bulbs
Term
What's rich in root cortex cells?
Definition
starch
Term
What does RAM contain?
Definition
stem cills, protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
Term
How are eudicots and monocots different in their root systems?
Definition
Eudicots have taproots and monocots have firous roots.
Term
What are some other types of roots?
Definition
prop roots, buttress roots, pneumatophores, fleshy storage roots
Term
What does signal transduction in plant involve?
Definition
receptors(sensors), messengers, effectors
Term
What is master plant hormone that influence plant structure, development, and behavior?
Definition
auxin
Term
Where is auxin produced?
Definition
apical shoot tips and young leaves
Term
What is polar transport?
Definition
auxin flows down in shoots and into roots
Term
What do stress hormones do?
Definition
They help plants respond to environmental stresses.
Term
What is plant's response to herbivore attack?
Definition
releases jasmonic acid, causing synthesis of chemicals that are repulsive to herbivore
Term
What is gravitropism?
Definition
It's growth in response to the force of gravity.
Term
Are shoots and roots positively or negatively gravitropic?
Definition
Shoots are negatively gravitropic, but roots are positively gravitropic.
Term
What is thigmotropism?
Definition
It's responses of plants to touches.
Term
Which response supersedes the other? Gravitropism or thigmotropism?
Definition
Thigmotropism temporarily supersedes gravitropism.
Term
What affects a plant's speed of response to touch?
Definition
More water content of cells cause more rapid responses.
Term
Describe the process of thigmotropism.
Definition
Electrical impulse transmitted, cause pumping of ions, loss of plant cell turgor pressure
Term
What are some examples of anatomical homology?
Definition
ear wiggling muscles, tail bone, appendix in humans
Term
What are the examples of developmental homology?
Definition
notochord present in all chordates, presence of brranchial arches in human&fish embryos
Term
What are the examples of molecular homology?
Definition
1)All living species use DNA to store information
2)Certain biochemical pathways are found in nearly all species
Term
What's the known number of species?
Definition
1.4 million
Term
__________________ plants produce mostly primary vascular tissues.
Definition
Herbaceous (non-woody)
Term
Zone of Elongation
Definition
cells extend by water uptake
Term
Zone of Maturation
Definition
Root cell differentiation and tissue specialization
Term
What is outer bark?
Definition
Produced by cork cambium, it protects the surface of the plant as it grows in diameter.
Term
Biological Species Concept
Definition
A species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential tointerbreed with one another in nature to produce viable offspring, but not with other members
Term
What are the problems with biological species concept?
Definition
1)It may be difficult to determine if 2 populations are truly reproductively isolated
2)Cannot be applied to asexual species/extinct species
Term
What is the drawback of evolutionary species concept?
Definition
It is difficult to examine and identify lineages
Term
What is the drawback of ecological species concept?
Definition
It depends on how fully the niche and the needs of the organisms are known
Term
Habitat isolation
Definition
geographic barrier prevents contact
Term
Temporal isolation
Definition
Reproduce at different times of the day or year
Term
Behavioral isolation
Definition
Behaviors important in mate choice
Term
Mechanical isolation
Definition
Size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating
Term
Gametic isolation
Definition
Gametes fail to unite successfullly
Term
Hybrid inviability
Definition
fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages
Term
Hybrid sterility
Definition
interspecies hybrid viable but sterile
Term
Hybrid breakdown
Definition
hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnomalities
Term
Shoot apical meristem
Definition
- Rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branches
Term
Root apical meristem
Definition
- Rapidly dividing cells at the root tips
Term
What does shoot apical meristem produce?
Definition
stems, branches, leaves, and other organ systems
Term
What does root apical meristem produce?
Definition
roots and root branches
Term
What does protoderm produce?
Definition
epidermis
Term
What does procambium produce?
Definition
vascular tissues (xylem&phloem)
Term
What does ground meristem produce?
Definition
ground tissues (cortex, pith)
Term
Cytokinins
Definition
promote cell division in plant shoots and roots
Term
Gibberellins
Definition
influence stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, leaf and fruit maturation, and senescence
Term
Ethylene
Definition
stimulates or regulates the ripening of fruit, the opening of flower, and the shedding of leaves
Term
Give one example of thigmotropism
Definition
grasping behavior of vine tendrils
Term
In what ways does auxin influence plant?
Definition
1)apical-basal polarity of plant body
2)development of vascular tissues
3)Alter pattern of growth and development in response to environment
Term
auxin influx carrier
Definition
AUX1 plasma membrane protein at apical cell end
Term
auxin efflux carrier
Definition
PIN proteins at basal or lateral surfaces of cells
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