Term
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Definition
| -incoming stimuli (chemical or physical stimuli from an animal's body or the external environment) are converted into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
-Conscious awareness of sensations
-not all sensations are consciously perceived by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| -recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells |
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Term
| What are 2 examples of sensory receptors? |
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Definition
-Neurons
-specialized epithelial cells |
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Term
| What is the nervous system of annelids like? |
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Definition
-same general plan as planarians
-more neurons in anterior, "integrative center"
-ventral nerve cords have ganglia in each segment |
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Term
| What is the nervous system in simple mollusks like? |
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Definition
-similar to annelids
-two paired nerve cords with several paired ganglia |
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Term
| What is the nervous system in advanced mollusks like? |
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Definition
| -have cerebral ganglion that is highly developed |
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Term
| What is the nervous system in Insects like? |
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Definition
-brain has several subdivisions withs separate functions
-increasingly complex brain in anterior region of the body |
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Term
| What are the two major divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous system? |
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Definition
-Central Nervous System
-Peripheral Nervous System |
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Term
| Central Nervous System contains... |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system contains... |
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Definition
| -Neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| -cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| -cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS that are involved in a similar function |
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Term
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Definition
| -myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| -myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in the PNS |
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Term
| What type of Nerves are connected directly to the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -run from various locations in the body to the spinal cord |
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Term
| Intensity of Sensory Stimuli |
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Definition
| -amount of cell membrane depolarization directly related to intensity of stimulus |
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Term
| What does a strong stimulus cause? |
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Definition
-depolarization of the membrane to the threshold potential
-it produces an action potential in a sensory neuron |
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Term
| What is the strength of a stimulus indicated by? |
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Definition
| -the frequency of action potential generated |
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Term
| What does the brain interpret high frequency of action potentials as? |
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Definition
| -they are interpreted as a more intense stimulus |
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Term
| What are the different types of receptors in the nervous system? |
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Definition
| -Mechanoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors (pain) receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| -transduce mechanical energy |
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Term
| Electromagnetic Receptors |
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Definition
| -detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of Electromagnetic receptors? |
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Definition
-Photoreceptors
-Thermoreceptors
-Infrared/Ultraviolet Receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| -respond to visible light energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| -respond to cold and heat |
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Term
| Infrared/Ultraviolet Receptors |
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Definition
| -respond to magnetic fields |
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Term
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Definition
| -respond to specific chemicals |
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Term
| Nociceptors (Pain Receptors) |
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Definition
-respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure
-respond to certain molecules such as acids |
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Term
| How does mechanoreceptor work? |
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Definition
| -physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell opens ion channels in the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What are the two types of skin receptor cells? |
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Definition
-Meissner's Corpuscles
-Pacinian Corpuscules |
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Term
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Definition
-skin receptor cells that sense touch and light pressure
-lie just beneath skin surface |
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Term
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Definition
-located deep beneath skin surface
-respond to deep pressure and vibration |
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Term
| How do Stretch Receptors work? |
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Definition
| -stretching alters proteins in cell membrane, causing ion channels to open, and causing membrane to depolarize |
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Term
| What are two examples where the body uses stretch receptor cells? |
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Definition
-stretching of the stomach wall is interpreted as fullness
-stretching in blood vessels provides blood pressure information |
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Term
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Definition
-found in fish
-hair cells detect changes in water currents
-cilia of hair cells protrude in cupula structure within lateral line canal system, when the cupula moves cilia bend, this causes a neurotransmitter to be released |
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Term
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Definition
| -the ability to detect and interpret sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
| -the distance from the peak of one sound wave to the next |
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Term
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Definition
-number of complete waves in a second
-measured in Hz |
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Term
| What are high pitched noises the result of in terms of wavelengths? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do long wavelengths produce in terms how they sound? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 main compartments of the mammalian ear? |
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Definition
| -outer ear, middle ear, inner ear |
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Term
| What does the outer ear consist of? |
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Definition
| -pinna and the auditory canal |
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Term
| What separates the outer ear from the middle ear? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the middle ear consist of? |
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Definition
| -ossicles that connect the eardrum to the oval window |
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Term
| What are the 3 ossicles in the mammalian ear? |
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Definition
| -malleus, incus, and stapes |
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Term
| What does the inner ear consist of? |
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Definition
| -cochlea and the vestibular system |
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Term
| What does the vestibular system in the inner ear do? |
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Definition
| -give a sense of equilibrium, balance, and propioreception |
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Term
| What does the cochlea in the inner ear do? |
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Definition
| -allows sounds to be "heard" and interpreted |
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Term
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Definition
-in the mammalian ear
-connects to pharynx, equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| How do sound waves move through the ear up to the cochlea? |
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Definition
-they enter the outer ear
-the tympanic membrane vibrates back and forth
-ossicles transfer vibration to the oval window
-this sends pressure waves through the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
-found in many aquatic invertebrates
-send positional information
-they are small round chambers lined with hair cells
-they contain statoliths |
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Term
| What do the utricle and saccule in the inner ear detect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the semicircular canals in the inner ear detect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of electromagnetic sensing? |
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Definition
-fish detect electrical signals from other fish
-platypus bill can detect electrical currents from prey
-homing pigeons use magnetite to accurately navigate
-pit vipers sense infrared radiation from prey |
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Term
| What is a Photon? (hint: Photoreception) |
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Definition
| -fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
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Term
| What types of organisms have a single-lens eye? |
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Definition
| -vertebrates, some mollusks (squid and octopus), and some snails and annelids |
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Term
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Definition
| -strong outer white sheath |
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Term
|
Definition
| -continuous with the sclera, but thin and clear |
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Term
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Definition
| -pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil |
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Term
|
Definition
-sensitive to low intensity light
-do not discriminate colors
-used mostly at night |
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Term
|
Definition
-require more light for stimulation
-detect color |
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Term
| Are there more Cones or Rods in the human retina? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the synaptic terminal in Rods? |
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Definition
-neurotransmitter filled vesicles fuse with membrane
-they interact with postsynaptic neurons |
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Term
| What are visual pigments composed of? |
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Definition
| -Opsin protean and Retinal |
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Term
| Retinal (component of visual pigments) |
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Definition
| -vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy |
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Term
| Opsin protein (component of visual pigments) |
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Definition
-the rod pigment is called Rhodopsin
-humans have 3 cone pigments (red, green, and blue) |
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Term
| What is different between photoreceptors and other sensory receptor cells as far as polarization is concerned? |
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Definition
| -photoreceptor cells have a membrane potential that is in a slightly depolarized state (positive when the cell is at rest) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -structure or structures that serve one o more functions related to support, protection, and locomotion |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of skeletons? |
|
Definition
-Hydrostatic
-Exoskeleton
-Endoskeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
-a water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle
-water is nearly incompressible so hydrostatic pressure can be used to extend parts of the body |
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Term
| Examples of Hydrostatic skeleton |
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Definition
-Cnidarians have tentacles that use this to elongate or shorten
-Echinoderms use this in tube feet movement
-Earthworms move forward by this |
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Term
|
Definition
-external skeleton surrounding and protecting the body
-vary in complexity, thickness, and durability |
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Term
|
Definition
-internal structures
-do not protect body surfaces, only internal organs and other structures |
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Term
| What types of organisms use endoskeletons? |
|
Definition
-Sponges (spicules)
-Echinoderms (ossicles)
-vertebrates |
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Term
| What are the 2 parts of the vertebrate endoskeleton? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Axial Endoskeleton (Vertebrates) |
|
Definition
-main longitudinal axis
-skull, spinal column, and ribs |
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Term
| Appendicular Endoskeleton (Vertebrates) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -formed where 2 or more bones come together |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of vertebrate joints? |
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Definition
-pivot joints
-hinge joints
-ball and socket joints |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -movement in several planes |
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Term
|
Definition
| -link bones to skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Myofibrils (in skeletal muscles) |
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Definition
-long protein fibers that make up skeletal muscle
-each myofibril contains a series of sarcomere units |
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Term
|
Definition
| -junction of motor neuron's axon and muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| -body cavity with a single opening to the outside |
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Term
| What types of organisms have gastrovascular cavities? |
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Definition
| -Cnidarians (Jellyfish and Hydras) |
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Term
| What are the main components of the circulatory/cardiovascular systems? |
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Definition
-transport fluid (blood or hemolymph)
-blood vessels
-one or more pumps (hearts) |
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Term
| What types of organisms have open circulatory systems? |
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Definition
| Arthropods and some mollusks |
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Term
| What is a major limitation of the open circulatory system? |
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Definition
| -hemolymph cannot be selectively directed to different tissues/areas of the body |
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Term
| What types of organisms have closed circulatory systems? |
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Definition
-annelids (earthworms)
-cephalopods (squids and octopus)
-all vertebrates |
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Term
| Closed Circulatory System |
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Definition
| -blood and interstitial fluid are physically separated, only certain components exchanged between the two |
|
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Term
| What are 2 common patterns of circulation found in animals? |
|
Definition
-single circulation
-double circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
-single blood circuit
-found in annelids,fish, and cephalopods |
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Term
|
Definition
-two distinct blood circuits
-found in crocodiles, birds and mammals |
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Term
| What are the 2 distinct circuits of Double circulation? |
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Definition
-systemic circulation
-pulmonary circulation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -circulation to the lungs |
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