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Covenant Bio Exam 2
notecard for Dr. Nelson's final from exam 2
100
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2012

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Term
What is the most common form that most nitrogen enter plants as?
Definition
-nitrate
Term
How does nitrate enter plants (typically) in nature?
Definition
-plasma membrane transporter proteins import nitrate into root cells
-nitrate is transported into xylem
Term
Where is nitrate stored at in plants?
Definition
-vacuoles in xylem
Term
What are ways to add new fixed nitrogen to soil/the atmosphere?
Definition
-Lightening, fire, air pollution, biological fixation, and industrial fixation
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
-Atmospheric N2 combined with H to give NH3
Term
What do prokaryotes utilize in order to fix nitrogen?
Definition
-large amounts of ATP and nitrogenase are used by prokaryote in the process
Term
What do symbionts do in the nitrogen cycle?
Definition
transfer nitrogen directly into plant cells
Term
What adaptations by plants allow for increased nutrient supply?
Definition
-Highly branched roots
-more or longer root hairs
-fungal symbiotic associations
-bacterial symbiotic associations
-capture of animals by carnivorous plants
-parasitic associations
Term
Mycorhizzal Associations with plants
Definition
-in 90% of seed plants
-fungi live within root tissues or envelop root surfaces
-fungi get organic foods from plants, while supplying water and minerals
Term
Prokaryote(bacterial) Symbioses with plants
Definition
-provide fixed nitrogen to plants
-some bacterial symbiotes live in plant cells or tissues
-plant provides organic nutrients
-bacteria gives large amounts of fixed nitrogen
Term
Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses (how does it work)
Definition
-certain bacteria live in root cells of legumes
-Rhizobia can live independently but only fix nitrogen when inside root nodules
-nodule formation involves chemical signals between Rhizobia and host plant
Term
What does the root system in plants absorb?
Definition
-water and dissolved minerals from the soil
Term
What does the shoot system do with the water and minerals absorbed by roots?
Definition
-uses them with carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to produce sugar needed by roots and for plant growth and reproduction
Term
What does xylem transport?
Definition
Water and dissolved minerals
Term
What does phloem transport?
Definition
dissolved organic substances
Term
What are the to types of transport processes in plants?
Definition
-Active Transport
-Passive Transport
Term
What does water content of plants depend on?
Definition
-osmosis
-turgor pressure
Term
Osmosis
Definition
-movement of water from high to low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
-water also follows the concentration of solutes; it moves toward high solute concentrations
Term
Turgor Pressure
Definition
-hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells
-cell walls restrict the extent to which the cells can swell
Term
What are the three levels of turgidity in plant cells?
Definition
-turgid cell
-plasmolyzed cell
-flaccid cell
Term
Turgid Plant Cell
Definition
-has a cytosol/vacuole that is full of water and causes the plasma membrane to push against the cell wall
Term
"Plasmolyzed" Plant Cell
Definition
-has lost so much water that turgor pressure is lost
-the plasma membrane sits very far away from the cell wall
Term
Flaccid Plant Cell
Definition
-the water content in the vacuole is not swollen to the point of squeezing the cell membrane against the cell wall, but the cell is not in a "plasmolyzed" state either
Term
What are the 3 forms of tissue-level transport?
Definition
-Transmembrane transport
-Symplastic Transport
-Apoplastic Transport
Term
Transmembrane Transport
Definition
-export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by the import of the same substance by an adjacent cell
Term
Which of the 3 tissue level transport systems is used in the transport of AUXIN? (Transmembrane transport, Symplastic Transport, orApoplastic Transport)
Definition
-Transmembrane Transport
Term
Symplastic Transport
Definition
-Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via the plasomdesmota
Term
Plasmodesmota
Definition
-microscopic channels on the cell walls of plant cells that connect each other
Term
How does transport through plasmodesmota typically occur?
Definition
-diffusion is the main mode of transport for this tissue-level transport system
Term
Symplast
Definition
-is formed by all of a plant's cells and plasmodesmota
-connected cytoplasm
Term
Apoplastic Transport
Definition
-movement of solutes through cell wall material
-occurs in spaces between cell walls
Term
What is an Apoplast?
Definition
-this is a continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces
Term
Which of the 3 tissue level transport systems is typically associated with SHORT DISTANCE TRANSPORT? (Transmembrane transport, Symplastic Transport, or Apoplastic Transport)
Definition
-Apoplastic Transport
Term
Which two transport types play essential roles in mineral nutrient transport through the outer tissues of roots?(Transmembrane transport, Symplastic Transport, orApoplastic Transport)
Definition
-Symplastic and Apoplastic play an important role in this
Term
Which type of tissue level transport moves soil, water and dissolved minerals non-selectivly through root epidermal and cortex tissues?
Definition
Apoplastic transport moves these substances non-selectively through these tissue levels
Term
Where does Apoplastic transport stop?
Definition
-this transport type stops at the root endodermis
Term
Root Endodermis
Definition
-barrier between root cortex and central core
Term
Casparian Strip
Definition
-prevents apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues
-only symplastic movement is allowed beyond this
Term
Why does the Casparian strip only allow symplastic transport beyond it?
Definition
-it only allows symplastic transport beyond it to prevent toxic substances from entering the vascular system, since apoplastic transport is not selective
Term
What is the function of the channels on the plasma membrane of the root endodermis?
Definition
-these specific channels allow for essential minerals to be transported
Term
What are two ways that substances can pass through the root endodermis?
Definition
-beneficial solutes my enter from the symplast
-specific channels in the endodermal cytosol may allow certain molecules to enter
Term
Xylem loading
Definition
-large amounts of water entering the long distance conducting cells of the xylem
-carries solutes along with the water
Term
Do liquids and dissolved solutes move faster by bulk flow or diffusion?
Definition
-they move faster by bulk flow
Term
Bulk/Mass flow
Definition
-mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these
Term
How does fluid move in Xylem?
Definition
-water flow is driven upwards by transpirational "pull" and root pressure "push"
-pull comes from evaporation at leaves
Term
How does fluid move in Phloem?
Definition
-movement occurs from regions of high to low solution concentration
Term
Xylem Parenchyma Cells
Definition
-are alive
-not directly involved in long distance transport
Term
Thick-walled supportive fivers of Xylem
Definition
-may be alive or dead at maturity
-provide structural support
Term
What are the two types of specialized water conducting cells of Xylem are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature?
Definition
-Tracheids, and Vessel Elements
Term
What type of specialized water conducting cells are found in gymnosperm xylem?
Definition
-ONLY Tracheids
Term
Tracheids
Definition
-long and narrow with slanted end walls
-Lignin-containing secondary wall (water-impermeable)
-contain pits
Term
What are "Pits" in Xylem Tracheids?
Definition
-non-lignified holes that allow for water to flow from one Tracheid to the next
Term
Vessel Elements
Definition
-aligned in pipeline-like files known as vessels
-gives a greater capacity for bulk flow to flowering plants
Term
Does water flow faster through vessels or tracheids?
Definition
-it flows faster through vessels
Term
What is the Cohesion-tension theory?
Definition
-plants expend little or no energy on bulk flow through Xylem
Term
What forces power Xylem bulk flow that makes it so efficient?
Definition
-adhesion
-water's cohesive properties because of strong hydrogen bonding
-sun's energy indirectly powers transpiration
Term
Adhesion
Definition
-water sticks to lignified walls of xylem
Term
How does the sun power transpiration?
Definition
-heat from sunlight causes evaporation on leaf surfaces
-tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant's surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil
Term
How do plants adapt to fight transpirational water loss?
Definition
-stomal movements
-leaf abscission(leaf drop)
Term
Stomatal Movements
Definition
-guard cells close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis
-blue light allows guard cells to open up by stimulating
Term
Leaf Abscission (Leaf Drop)
Definition
-occurs normally to prevent water stress due to temperature or light changes
-valuable for desert plants and trees in seasonally cold habitats
-ethylene stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area
Term
What is a major distinction between xylem and phloem?
Definition
-Phloem tissues remain alive and retain some cytoplasmic components
Term
Does Phloem work under positive or negative hydrostatic pressure?
Definition
-positive, it is different than xylem which is under tension
Term
What is phloem composed of?
Definition
-supporting fivers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements, and companion cells
Term
Sieve Tube Elements
Definition
-these elements loose their nucleus and most of the cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow
-companion cells help in transport process by supplying mRNA to sieve type elements
Term
How do companion cells transport proteins to sieve tube elements?
Definition
-via plasmodesmota
Term
Phloem Loading
Definition
-companion cells play an essential role in conveying sugars to sieve-tube elements for long distance transport
-sucrose is used for most long distance transport
Term
What are the 2 types of phloem loading?
Definition
-Symplastic
-partly apoplectic and partly transmembrane transport
Term
Symplastic Phloem loading
Definition
-occurs in woody plants that transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf to companion cells and then to sieve tube elements
-does not require ATP, facilitated diffusion
Term
Partly Apoplastic and Partly transmembrane transport
Definition
-loads sugar into sieve tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces
-often moves up concentration gradient by active transport
-ATP must be used to move sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve tube element
Term
What drives phloem transport?
Definition
-differences in turgor pressure that occur between cells of a sugar source and sugar sink
Term
Phloem Source tissue
Definition
-tissue that is producing and releasing sugar
Term
Phloem Sink Tissue
Definition
-tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar
Term
Translocation
Definition
-bulk transport from source to sink tissue
Term
Are the locations of source and sink tissues permanent? Explain
Definition
-No, source and sink tissues may change depending on seasonal cycles
Term
What is the main sugar "source" during the time of the the year when leaves are photosynthesizing?
Definition
-Photosynthetic leaf mesophyll
Term
What is the main "source" when plants need new growth, leaf formation occurs in the spring?
Definition
-roots are the main "source" during this time
Term
What locations are "sinks" at different times of the year in plants?
Definition
-roots, developing leaves, seeds and fruits
Term
Why does phloem flow change with the seasons?
Definition
-because of changes in source and sink tissues
Term
Who developed the Pressure-flow hypothesis?
Definition
-Ernst Munch
-a German plant physiologist
Term
How does the Pressure-flow hypothesis work?
Definition
-sieve tube elements near source tissues have high solute concentrations from sugars at the source
-water from xylem rushes into sieve tube elements by osmosis and builds up turgor pressure
-vessel elements near sink tissue loose solutes
-water rushes back into xylem because it follows hydrostatic pressure rather than the low solute concentrations
Term
What cycle do plants follow in reproduction?
Definition
-Alternation of generations
Term
What are the 2 multicellular life cycle stages?
Definition
-Diploid, spore producing sporophyte
-Haploid, gamete producing gametophyte
Term
What is the reproductive shoot in flowers?
Definition
-a stem brach that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves
Term
What are flower organs produced by?
Definition
-Shoot apical meristems
Term
Sepals
Definition
-function to protect an unopened flower bud
Term
Petals
Definition
-usually serve in attraction of pollinators
Term
Stamens
Definition
-produce male gametophyte and foster their early development
Term
Pistil
Definition
-produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes
-vase-shaped structure
Term
What are Pistils composed of?
Definition
-a single or multiple fused carpels
Term
What are stamens composed of?
Definition
-a filament (small stem-like projection)
-anther on the tip of the filament
Term
Anther
Definition
-a group of 4 microsporangia
Term
What happens to Diploid cells in the Anther?
Definition
-they undergo meiosis producing 4 tiny, haploid spores (microspores)
Term
What 2 cells are enclosed in a pollen grain?
Definition
-tube cell
-generative cell
Term
What does mitotic division of the generative cell in flowers produce?
Definition
-sperm cells
Term
Describe early male gametophyte development in pollen grain for flowering plants.
Definition
-generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm cells
-tube cell will form pollen tube
-pollen wall development
Term
What are Carpels composed of? what do they form?
Definition
-composed of stigma, style and ovary
-the form a pistil
Term
Ovary in flowering plants
Definition
-produces and nourishes one or more ovules
Term
Ovule in flowering plants
Definition
-spore producing structure enclosed in integuments (Megasporangium)
Term
What do synergids do for female gametophyte in flowering plant megaspore?
Definition
-they help provide nutrients to female gametophyte
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