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Covenant Bio 346 Chapter 5
Cancer biology
16
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/11/2012

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Term
asbestos
Definition
mineral composed of fine fibers that are woven into materials that exhibit insulating and fire-retarding properties; potent carcinogen that causes lung cancer and mesothelioma.
Term
maximum tolerated dose (MTD)
Definition
highest dose of a suspected carcinogen that can be administered to animals without causing serious weight loss or signs of immediate like-threatening toxicity.
Term
linear model
Definition
a linear dose-response relationship exhibiting no threshold.
Term
hormetic model
Definition
U-shaped dose-response relationship in which cancer rates decline at very low doses of a carcinogen and then begin to rise as the dose is further increased.
Term
organic chemical
Definition
any carbon-containing compound.
Term
aromatic amine
Definition
organic molecules that posses an amino group attached to a carbon backbone containing on e or more benzene rings; many are carcinogenic.
Term
alkylating agents
Definition
highly reactive organic molecules that trigger DNA damage by linking themselves (or a reactive chemical group) directly to DNA; used in cancer chemotherapy, but many are also carcinogenic.
Term
inorganic substances
Definition
class of compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen.
Term
cytochrome P450
Definition
family of enzymes that oxidize ingested foreign chemicals, such as drugs and pollutants, with the aim of making molecules less toxic and easier to excrete; reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 sometimes convert substances inadvertenly into carcinogens.
Term
electrophilic
Definition
describes a compound with electron-deficient atoms that readily reacts with substances possessing atoms that are electron-rich.
Term
DNA adduct
Definition
complex formed by the covalent linkage of a chemical carcinogen to DNA.
Term
promotion
Definition
(stage of carcinogenesis) gradual process by which cells previously exposed to an initiating carcinogen are subsequently converted into cancer cells by agents that stimulate cell proliferation.
Term
phorbol ester
Definition
class of chemical compounds found in croton oil that function as tumor promoters.
Term
tumor progression
Definition
gradual changes in tumor properties observed over time as cancer cells acquire more aberrant traits and become increasingly aggressive.
Term
epigenetic change
Definition
alteration in cellular properties brought about by a change in gene expression rather than by gene mutation.
Term
complete carcinogen
Definition
an agent that can trigger both the initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis.
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