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| mineral composed of fine fibers that are woven into materials that exhibit insulating and fire-retarding properties; potent carcinogen that causes lung cancer and mesothelioma. |
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| maximum tolerated dose (MTD) |
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| highest dose of a suspected carcinogen that can be administered to animals without causing serious weight loss or signs of immediate like-threatening toxicity. |
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| a linear dose-response relationship exhibiting no threshold. |
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| U-shaped dose-response relationship in which cancer rates decline at very low doses of a carcinogen and then begin to rise as the dose is further increased. |
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| any carbon-containing compound. |
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| organic molecules that posses an amino group attached to a carbon backbone containing on e or more benzene rings; many are carcinogenic. |
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| highly reactive organic molecules that trigger DNA damage by linking themselves (or a reactive chemical group) directly to DNA; used in cancer chemotherapy, but many are also carcinogenic. |
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| class of compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen. |
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| family of enzymes that oxidize ingested foreign chemicals, such as drugs and pollutants, with the aim of making molecules less toxic and easier to excrete; reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 sometimes convert substances inadvertenly into carcinogens. |
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| describes a compound with electron-deficient atoms that readily reacts with substances possessing atoms that are electron-rich. |
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| complex formed by the covalent linkage of a chemical carcinogen to DNA. |
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| (stage of carcinogenesis) gradual process by which cells previously exposed to an initiating carcinogen are subsequently converted into cancer cells by agents that stimulate cell proliferation. |
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| class of chemical compounds found in croton oil that function as tumor promoters. |
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| gradual changes in tumor properties observed over time as cancer cells acquire more aberrant traits and become increasingly aggressive. |
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| alteration in cellular properties brought about by a change in gene expression rather than by gene mutation. |
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| an agent that can trigger both the initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis. |
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