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| substance in the nose that helps clean the air of dust |
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| hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea |
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| small pouches, site of gas exchange |
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| surrounded by circular muscle to dilate or constrict passage |
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| panting, sweating causes loss of water and salts |
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| loss of water by evaporation |
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| total concentration of dissolved solute molecule/Liter |
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| internal osmolarity of most fish and other vertebrates is... |
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| freshwater is less than ______ |
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| Many of these marine invertebrates and cartilagenous fish maintain body fluid osmolarity similar to the surrounding seawater.. |
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| simplest filtration mechanism found in invertebrates |
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| animal excretory system found in most annelids; tubular network beginning in funnel-like structure called nephrostome |
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| animal excretory system found in insects |
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| specialized tubules composed of epithelial cells that actively transport sodium and other ions for salt and water homeostasis and nitrogenous waste elimintion |
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| there are as many as _____ million nephrons in each kidney |
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| renal corpuscle and tubule |
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| a nephron consists of 2 parts... |
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| nephron tubules empty into a... |
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| cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries; drained by effferent arteriole |
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| Glomerular filtration rate |
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| rate of filtrate production by kidneys |
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| continuous with Bowman's capsule |
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| descending goes down into medulla and ascending comes up out of medulla towards cortex |
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| distal convoluted tubules empty into.. |
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| tubule surrounded by _________capillaries near junction of cortex and medulla and ___________ capillaries into the medulla |
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| filtrate is around _____mosm/L; similar to blood |
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| osmotic gradient, ______ solute concentration in cortex and outer medulla, __________ solute concentration in inner medulla |
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| collecting duct is permeable to _________ but not to most ions |
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| detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including those wavelengths that correspond to visible light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli |
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| fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
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| type of animal with a simple visual organ; eyecup containing endings of photoreceptor cells detect presence of absence of light |
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| compound eyes of arthropods and some annelids |
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| type of animals that have many light detectors called ommatidia; each light detection unit makes up a facet |
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| animals that have an eye spot; transparent structure that serves as a lense with photoreceptors under that |
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| type of eye in vertebrates, some mollusks; light transmitted through pupil to retina at the back of the eye |
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| receptor cell in the eye that is sensitive to low intensity light; do not discriminate colors |
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| receptor cell in the eye that requires more light for stimulation and detcts color |
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| vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy |
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| humans have 3 (red, green and blue) some species have less; birds have 5 |
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| depolarization in unstimulated state results in continuous release of _________ |
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| the intensity of the light |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization is proportional to ______________ |
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| there are ____ million olfactory receptors in humans |
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| clusters of chemosensory cells that detect particular molecules in food molecules dissolved in saliva |
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| taste buds located in folds of ___________ |
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| structure or structures that serve one or more functions related to support, protection and locomotion |
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| hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton |
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| water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle; water is nearly incompressible, so hydrostatic pressure can be used to extend parts of the body |
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| body, tentacles can elongate or shorten |
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| move through the use of tube feet |
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| move forward by passing a wave of muscular contractions along the length of the body |
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| external skeleton surrounding and protecting the body; vary in complexity thickness and durability |
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| animals made of chitin, segmented for movement, must be shed to grow |
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| internal structures; do not protect body surface, only internal organs and other structures |
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*axial-main longitudinal axis
*appendicular-limbs, bones, and girdles |
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| vertebrate skeleton has 2 parts |
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| formed where 2 or more bones come together |
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| a grouping of contractile cells (muscle fibers) bound together by connective tissue |
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| link bones to skeletal muscle |
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| each _______ is composed of a series of sarcomere units |
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| skeletal muscle is a type of ________ muscle |
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| junction of motor neurons axon and muscle fiber |
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| ACh receptor is a ____________ ion channel |
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| depolarization and action potential |
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| Na+ flows into muscle cell leading to _____________ and __________ |
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| excitation-contraction coupling |
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| primary function of circulatory systems |
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| to transport necessary materials to all cells of body and to transport waste products away from cells where it can be released into the environment |
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| 2 basic types of exchange systems |
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| gastrovascular systems and circulatory systems |
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| body cavity with a single opening to the outside |
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| ______ circulatory systems found in arthropods and mollusks |
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| nutrients and metabolic waste exchanged by diffusion between _________ and body cells |
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| in and open circulatory system the _________ is used for gas exchange |
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| closed circulatory systems |
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| blood and interstitial fluid are physically separated, only certain components exchanged between the two. |
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| closed ciculatory systems |
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| circulatory systems found in annelids, cephalapods, and all vertebrates |
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| single blood circle, single atrium collects blood from tissues, single ventricle pumps blood out of heart |
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| two distinct blood circuits, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separates into 2 different circles; systematic circulation to the body |
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| animals that rely on lungs and highly permeable skin to obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide |
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| pulmocutaneous circulation |
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| respiratory surfaces of lungs and skin |
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| separates atria and ventricles |
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| systematic/pulmonary veins |
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| blood enters from _______________ into atrium |
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| mammalian hearts can generate their own periodic action potentials |
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| atria contract and ventricles fill(systematic blood pressure low) |
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| ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart (systematic blood pressure is highest |
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| heart valves open and shut in response to _______ |
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| fluid connective tissue in closed circulatory system |
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| water and solutes; functions in buffering; water balance and cell transport; contains dissolved proteins, gases, minerals, and nutrients |
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| red blood cells; oxygen transport using hemoglobin |
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| platelets or thrombocytes |
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| role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation) |
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| white blood cells; defend body against infection and disease |
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| conduct blood away from the heart |
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| smaller in diamater; branches of arteries; walls thinner than arteries, lack thick layer of connective tissue |
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| smallest and narrowest, thinnest walled vessels in the body; site of gas and nutrient/ waste exchange |
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| capillary networks drain into ________ |
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| collects fluid that is not captured and return it to blood |
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| thinner and more elastic than arteries; need help returning blood to the heart |
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| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and our blood |
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| gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the blood and cells |
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| pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the bodies of surfaces of animals |
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