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Definition
| Detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including those wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli (examples: fish detect electrical signals from other fish, homing pigeons use magnetite to accurately navigate) |
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Definition
| Detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object |
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Definition
| Fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
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Term
| Photoreception in planarians |
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Definition
| Simple visual organ, eyecup containing endings of photoreceptor cells detects presence or absence of light, layer of pigment casts shadows (so can detect direction of light), does not form visual images |
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Term
| Compound eyes of arthropods (and some annelids) |
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Definition
| Many light detectors called ommatidia, each light detection unit makes up one facet, lens and crystalline cone focus light onto rhabdom (transparent tube), retinula cells surrounding the rhabdom and retinula cells keep light from oen ommatidium from leaking to adjacent ommatidia |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in vertebrates, some mollusks (squid and octopus), and some snails and annelids; light transmitted through pupil to retina at the back of the eye; photoreceptors trigger electrical changes in neurons (sclera-strong outer connective tissue sheath, comea-continuous with sclera but thin and clear, iris-pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil) |
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Definition
Sensitive to low intensity light, do not discriminate colors, used mostly at night
Structure: modified type of neuron, outer segment contains pigment, inner segment contains nucleus and other organelles |
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Definition
| Require more light for stimulation, detect color, fewer cones than rods in human retina |
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Definition
| Vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy |
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Definition
Several types:
Rhodopsin-rod pigment
Cone pigments-humans have three (red, green, blue) distinct photopsins, some species have less, birds have five |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton |
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Definition
| Water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle; water is nearly incompressible, so hydrostatic pressure can be used to extend parts of the body |
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Definition
| External skeleton surrounding/protecting the body. Vary in complexity, thickness, and durability. Arthropods-made of chitin, segmented for movement, must be shed to grow. Interior muscles connected to exoskeleton components for movement |
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Definition
| Internal structures; do not protect body surface, only internal organs and other structures |
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Definition
| A grouping of contractile cells (muscle fibers) bound together by connective tissue |
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Definition
| Link bones to skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle tissue organization |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle cells contain many parallel-arranged long protein fibers (myofibrils) along their length; each myofibril is composed of a series of sarcomere units; muscle cells are packaged in parallel muscle bundles; a group of muscle bundles forms a muscle |
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Definition
| Found in arthropods and some mollusks. Vessels connected to (tubular) heart(s) open into animal's body cavity. Fluid in vessels and interstitial fluid are the same. Nutrients and metabolic waste exchanged by diffusion between hemolymph and body cells |
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Term
| Closed circulatory systems |
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Definition
| Found in annelids (earthworms), cephalopods (squid and octopus), and all vertebrates. Blood and interstitial fluid are physically separated, only certain components are exchanged between the two. Allows larger, more active animals to more efficiently pump blood to all body cells under high pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Septum separates atria and ventricles, blood enters from systematic or pulmonary veins into atrium; through one-way atrioventricular valves into ventriles, out one-way semilunar valves into systematic or pulmonary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Atria contract and ventricles fill (systemic blood pressure lowest) |
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Definition
| Ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart (systemic blood pressure is highest) |
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Definition
| Water and solutes; functions in buffering, water balance, and cell transport; contains dissolved proteins, gases, minerals, and nutrients |
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Definition
| Red blood cells; oxygen transport using hemoglobin |
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Term
| Platelets or thrombocytes |
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Definition
| Role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation) |
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Definition
| White blood cells; defend body against infection and disease |
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Definition
| Conduct blood away from the heart. Layers of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium |
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Definition
| Smaller in diameter, branches of arteries; walls thinner than arteries, lack layer of connective tissue; have smooth muscle encircling (can dilate or constrict to control blood distribution to tissues, a key factor in blood pressure regulation) |
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Definition
| Smallest and narrowest, thinnest walled vessels of the body; branch off of arterioles; site of gas and nutrient/waste exchange; drain into venules |
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Definition
| Thinner and less elastic than arteries; need help returning blood to the heart (smooth muscle contractions help propel blood, squeezed by skeletal muscles, flow is directed by unidirectional valves) |
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Definition
| Found in annelids, fish, cephalopods. Single blood circuit, single atrium collects blood from body tissues, single ventricle pumps blood out of the heart, arteries carry blood away from heart to gills, blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide and goes through arteries to other body tissues (under low pressure), delivers oxygen and nutrients, picks up carbon dioxide and waste products |
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Definition
| Found in crocodiles, birds, and mammals. Two distinct blood circuits, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separates into two distinct circuits (systematic circulation-to the body, and pulmonary circulation-to the lungs), two atria and two ventricles, major advantage: high pressure circulation to two different systems |
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Term
| Amphibian and reptile circulation |
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Definition
| Features of both single and double. Rely on lungs and highly permeable skin to obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide; heart pumps back to either (pulmocutaneous circulation-respiratory surfaces of lungs and skin, systematic circulation-body tissues); two atria to collect blood (right atrium-blood that's been through the body, not lungs, and is low in oxygen, except oxygenated blood from skin; left atrium-blood from lungs, oxygen rich when air breathing); both atria dump into single ventricle; internal structure causes oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to remain mostly separated, but some mixing does occur and reduces efficiency; noncrocodilian reptiles also have two atria and one ventricle, but skin is not a major exchange surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, less than 1% carbon dioxide and other gases |
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Term
| Types of exchange surfaces |
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Definition
| Invertebrates with one or a few cell layers (small, flat body form) can use diffusion for gas exchange, some do not even need specialized transport mechanisms. Larger organisms: body surfaces may be permeable to gases, amphibians are the only vertebrates to rely on their skin for gas exchange under water, specialized exchange surfaces (gills, trachea in insects, lungs) |
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Definition
| Vary widely in appearance but all have a larger surface area (extensive projections), may exist in one body area or be scattered over a large area, branching, limitations: unprotected and subject to damage, appearance and motion may attract predators |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercostals contract to move chest wall up and out, diaphragm contracts and drops down-thoracic cavity enlarges, pressure drops, air sucked in |
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Term
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Definition
| Intercostals and diaphragm relax-thoracic cavity compressed, pressure increases, air pushed out |
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Term
| Components of the mammalian respiratory system |
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Definition
| Nose and mouth, mucus in nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| Small pouches, site of gas exchange, one cell thick walls, inner surface coated with extracellular fluid for gases to dissolve, surfactant chemicals reduce surface tension/prevent alveoli from collapsing |
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Term
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Definition
| Total concentration of dissolved solute molecules/Liter |
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Term
| Osmoregulation in freshwater fish |
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Definition
| Gain water when ventilating gills, kidneys produce copious dilute urine, specialized gill epithelial cells transport Na+ and Cl- from water into fish's capillaries |
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Term
| Osmoregulation in salt water fish |
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Definition
| Lose water across gills, produce very little urine, drink seawater to replace water lost, expend energy to transport excess salt out of body through gill epithelial cells |
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Definition
| Many marine invertebrates and cartilaginous fish (rays, sharks) maintain body fluid osmolarity similar to the surrounding seawater |
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Definition
| Found in some flatworms. Simplest filtration mechanism in invertebrates: series of branching tubules filters fluids from body cavity using beating of ciliated cells (flame cells), excess water and some wastes emptied through openings in body cell wall called nephridiopores, beneficial solutes reabsorbed prior to excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in annelids (pairs located in each body segment). Tubular network beginning in funnel-like structure called nephrostome. Collect coelomic fluid containing nitrogenous wastes and dissolved solutes, beneficial solutes reabsorbed along tube length, unneeded solutes remain in filtrate, nitrogenous wastes and excess solutes excreted through nephridiopores in body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in insects. Not a filtration system, tubules extend from the intestine, cells lining tubules actively transport and secrete solutes and uric acid from hemolymph into lumen of the malpighian tubules, transport of solutes creates osmotic gradient drawing water into tubule, material in tubules moves to hindgut where water and beneficial solutes are reabsorbed, nitrogenous wastes and others excreted together with feces through anus |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized tubules composed of epithelial cells that actively transport sodium and other ions for salt and water homeostasis and nitrogenous waste elimination; functional units of the kidney (as many as several million in each kidney) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries; supplied by afferent arteriole, drained by efferent arteriole; podocytes form filtration slits (physical barriers) |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the specific characteristics of individual organisms, and how these characteristics contribute to survival |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the factors that influence the size, density, or growth of populations |
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Definition
| Focuses on how groups of different species interact, and form communities with distinct characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the movement of energy and materials through organisms and their communities |
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Definition
| A group of interbreeding individuals occupying the same habitat at the same time |
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Term
| Clumped dispersion patterns |
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Definition
| Most common dispersal pattern, resources tend to be clustered in nature, social behavior may also promote this pattern |
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Term
| Uniform dispersion pattern |
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Definition
| Competition may cause this pattern, may also result from social interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Rarest dispersal pattern, resources are rarely randomly spaced, may occur where resources are common and abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| Type 1-rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals survive until later in life; type 2-fairly uniform death rate over the life span; type 3-rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors |
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Term
| Age-specific fertility rate |
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Definition
| Proportion of female offspring born to females of particular ages |
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Term
| Age-specific survivorship rate |
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Definition
| Proportion of individuals alive at the start of any give age class |
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Definition
| Produce all offspring in single reproductive event, individuals reproduce once and die |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons. Seasonal iteroparity-distinct breeding seasons, continous iteroparity-reproduce repeatedly at any time of the year |
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Definition
| The change in population per unit time |
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Definition
| Offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes, offspring are genetically clones of the parent, more prevalent in species that live in stable environments with little advantage for genetic diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of a new individual by the joining of two haploid gametes, fertilization is the union of haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote |
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Definition
| Two separate sexes (one produces sperm, the other eggs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hermaphroditism. Both male and female reproductive systems present |
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Term
| Synchronous hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| Individual simultaneously male and female (snails, earthworms, some fish) |
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Term
| Sequential hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| Sex reversal. Protogynous-female first (clownfish), protandrous-male first (angel fish) |
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Term
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Definition
| Eggs and sperm are usually released in close proximity, usually in aquatic environments; species-species behaviors sometimes used to increase likelihood of egg/sperm encounter; usually release very large numbers of eggs/sperm at once (increases chances of encounter, helps to overcome predation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sperm deposited within female reproductive tract during copulation, protects delicate gametes from environmental hazards and predation, behaviors and anatomical structures extremely varied |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryo develops within the mother, derives nourishment from mother |
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Definition
| Embryo develops inside an egg that is laid outside the mother, protective shell, reduces female's metabolic investment but increases chances of predation |
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Term
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Definition
| Eggs covered in a thin shell hatch inside mother but receive no (or little) nourishment from the mother; some fish, some reptiles and amphibians, certain invertebrates; hatch in mother prior to "live" birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Clements. Studied succession patterns in plants; individuals, populations, and communities have a relationship to each other that resembles the associations found between cells, tissues, and organs in an organism; due to long co-evolutionary history, species tend to group together into communities with defined species compositions; competition gives rise to sharp boundaries between distinct communities |
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Term
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Definition
| Gleason. Community is an assemblage of species coexisting primarily because of similarities in their physiological requirements and tolerances |
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Definition
| Number of species present in a community |
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Definition
| Temperate regions have more recently recovered from glaciations. Resident species have not evolved to exploit vacant richness or species have not migrated back to unglaciated areas. Support: more aquatic specimens in comparable unglaciated lacks than glaciated; drawback: limited applicability to marine organisms, glaciation not an issue |
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Term
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Definition
| Communities extending over larger areas have more species because they can support larger populations and inhabit a greater range of habitats. Support: significant relationship between insect diversity and host tree range (species area effect); problem: there are not more species in Asia (tundra is largest biome but exhibits less species) |
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Definition
| Greater photosynthetic productivity of plants results in greater overall species richness. Support: plants grow better where it is warm and wet and species richness in trees can be predicted by the evaporation/transpiration rate; problems: some tropical seas have low productivity but high richness, sub-Antarctic Ocean has high productivity but low species richness |
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Term
| Intermediate-disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| Highest diversities are observed in communities with intermediate levels of disturbance; at high rates of disturbance, only r-selected species would survive-low diversity; at low rates of disturbance, only K-selected species would survive-high diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| Succeed due to high rate of per capita population growth, r. Poor long-term competitive ability (weeds); short-term, opportunistic strategy |
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Definition
| Have reproductive and growth strategies that allow populations to exist for long periods at or near carrying capacity, K. Long-term strategy, lower reproductive rate but better competitors (trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time; primary succession-succession on a newly established site that is largely abiotic (lava flow), secondary succession-succession on a site that is supporting some living things but that has undergone a disturbance (such as a fire, hurricane, etc.) |
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Definition
| Forms epithelial lining of gut, liver, pancreas, lungs, and bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms heart, limbs, muscles, kidneys, blood, and connective tissues |
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Definition
| Forms epidermis and nervous system |
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Definition
| An epithelial sheet bends inward to form an inpocketing, observed in echinoderms (sea urchins, sea stars, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells leave an epithelial sheet by transforming from epithelial cells into freely migrating mesenchyme cells,observed in mammals and birds |
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Term
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Definition
| A tissue sheet rolls inward to form an underlying layer via bulk movement of a tissue layer |
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Definition
| Specialized group of embryonic cells that migrates to future sites of gonads; once in a gonad, develop into a population of cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes |
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Term
| Whittaker's species distribution studies |
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Definition
| Looked at plant species distributions along climate gradients in mountain ranges in California and other locations; results generally supported Gleason's individualistic hypothesis, each species is distributed according to its physiological needs and population dynamics, most communities intergrade continuously, competition does not create distinct, well-defined vegetational zones |
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Term
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Definition
| Half-size daughter cells produced at each cleavage division |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow ball of cells with fluid-filled cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid-filled cavity within blastula |
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Term
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Definition
| Where yolk is more concentrated in the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| Where there is less yolk and more cytoplasm in the egg |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete cell division creating two equal size blastomeres in the first division (amphibians and mammals) |
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Term
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Definition
| Only the animal pole undergoes cell division (birds and some fish with large amounts of concentrated yolk, creates flattened disk called a blastoderm) |
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