Term
| Describe the nervous system of annelids |
|
Definition
Same general plan as planarians
More neurons, “integrative center” in anterior. Ventral nerve cords have ganglia in each segment |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nervous system of simple mollusks |
|
Definition
| Similar to annelids. Two paired nerve cords, with several paired ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nervous system of advanced mollusks |
|
Definition
| Cerebral ganglion highly developed |
|
|
Term
| Talk about the brain of insects |
|
Definition
| Brain has several subdivisions with separate functions• With increasing complexity, overall trend toward cephalization. increasingly complex brain in anterior region of the body (the head) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the vertebrate nervous system |
|
Definition
| Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| Define the Central nervous system (CNS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
Definition
| Neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheral nerves) |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical structures in the CNS and PNS include |
|
Definition
| Nucleus, Ganglion, Tract, and Nerves |
|
|
Term
| Define nucleus as it relates to the CNS |
|
Definition
| cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Define ganglion as it relates to the PNS |
|
Definition
| cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS -Cranial nerves are connected directly to the brain -Spinal nerves run from various locations in the body to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the intensity of sensory stimuli related to |
|
Definition
| Amount of cell membrane depolarization directly related to intensity of stimulus (graded potential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is an action potential produced |
|
Definition
| When a stimulus is strong enough, it will depolarize the membrane to the threshold potential and produce an action potential in a sensory neuron |
|
|
Term
| What indicates the strength of the stimulus |
|
Definition
| Strength of the stimulus is indicated by the frequency of action potentials generated. Strong stimulus generates more action potentials in a shorter amount of time• Brain interprets higher frequency of action potentials as a more intense stimulus. Different stimuli produce different sensations, responses because they activate specific neural pathways that are dedicated to processing only that type of stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transduce mechanical energy |
|
|
Term
| define electromagnetic receptors |
|
Definition
| detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum |
|
|
Term
| give some examples of electromagnetic receptors |
|
Definition
Photoreceptors and Thermoreceptors
–Infrared, ultraviolet receptors, magnetic fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to visible light energy |
|
|
Term
| What do thermoreceptors respond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors respond to |
|
Definition
| Chemoreceptors – respond to specific chemicals |
|
|
Term
| What do Nociceptors, or pain receptors respond to |
|
Definition
| Nociceptors, or pain receptors – respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanoreceptors, electromagnetic receptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors or pain receptors |
|
|
Term
| How can a mechanoreceptor be activated |
|
Definition
| Physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell opens ion channels in the plasma membrane. Some mechanoreceptors are neurons. Others are specialized epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of skin receptors |
|
Definition
| Meissner’s corpuscles, and Pacinian corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| Define Meissner’s corpuscles |
|
Definition
| Meissner’s corpuscles are skin receptors. They sense touch and light pressure. They lie just beneath skin surface. |
|
|
Term
| Define Pacinian corpuscles |
|
Definition
| Pacinian corpuscles are skin receptors. They are located much deeper beneath the surface. They respond to deep pressure and vibration |
|
|
Term
| What does stretching of skin receptors do |
|
Definition
| Stretching alters proteins in cell membrane, causing ion channels to open, and causing membrane to depolarize. Action potentials initiated, sent to the CNS. Stretching of stomach wall is interpreted as fullness. Stretching in blood vessels provides blood pressure information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized epithelial cells. Deformable cilia resemble hairs |
|
|
Term
| ________open or close when cilia bend which changes membrane potential |
|
Definition
| Ion channels (frequency influenced by the direction of the bending |
|
|
Term
| Membrane potential changes in hair cells influence__________________ |
|
Definition
the fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles.
– Neurotransmitters can trigger action potentials in adjacent neurons. Found in the vertebrate ear and equilibrium organs, body surface of fish and some amphibians |
|
|
Term
| Define the lateral line system |
|
Definition
| Hair cells that detect changes in water currents. Cilia of hair cells protrude into cupula structure within lateral line canal system. When cupula moves, cilia bend, and neurotransmitter released |
|
|
Term
| What is audition (hearing) |
|
Definition
| Ability to detect and interpret sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distance from the peak of one sound wave to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of complete waves in a second (Hz) |
|
|
Term
| _______wavelengths have high frequencies perceived as high pitch or tone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________wavelengths have lower frequencies perceived as a lower pitch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main compartments of the mammalian ear |
|
Definition
| outer, middle and inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – pinna and auditory canal (Separated from middle ear by ear drum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) connect eardrum to oval window |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cochlea (audition) and vestibular system (equilibrium, balance, proprioception) Eustachian tube – connects to pharynx, equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure |
|
|
Term
| Describe the movement of sound waves through the ear |
|
Definition
Sound waves enter the outer ear. Tympanic membrane vibrates back and forth. Ossicles transfer vibration to oval window. Sends pressure waves through cochlea. Waves travel from vestibular canal to tympanic canal and dissipate against round window
Higher frequency sounds we hear pass through basilar membrane making it vibrate |
|
|
Term
| Transduction of sound waves in the organ or corti |
|
Definition
| Mechanical forces transduced into electrical signals by organ of Corti. Hairs bending in one direction triggers neurotransmitter release. Action potentials triggered in dendrites of neurons of the auditory nerve. Frequency of action potentials determined by up-and-down vibration of basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body |
|
|
Term
| Many aquatic invertebrates have ___________to send positional information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small round chambers lined with hair cells, contain statoliths which are______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Vestibular system in vertebrates |
|
Definition
Located in inner ear next to cochlea
– Utricle and saccule detect linear movements of the head
• When head moves inertia causes calcium carbonate otoliths (which are embedded in a gelatinous substance) to lag behind and bend cilia changing the membrane potential
• Utricle senses horizontal movements
• Saccule senses verticle acceleration
– Semicircular canals detect motion in 3 dimensions
• Hair cells embedded in gelatinous cupula
• When head moves, fluid in the canal shifts in the opposite direction, pushing on cupula and bending hair cells
• Each canal oriented in one of 3 planes |
|
|
Term
| Utricle senses _________movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saccule senses ________ acceleration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the movement of sound waves through the ear |
|
Definition
Sound waves enter the outer ear. Tympanic membrane vibrates back and forth. Ossicles transfer vibration to oval window. Sends pressure waves through cochlea. Waves travel from vestibular canal to tympanic canal and dissipate against round window
Higher frequency sounds we hear pass through basilar membrane making it vibrate |
|
|
Term
| Transduction of sound waves in the organ or corti |
|
Definition
| Mechanical forces transduced into electrical signals by organ of Corti. Hairs bending in one direction triggers neurotransmitter release. Action potentials triggered in dendrites of neurons of the auditory nerve. Frequency of action potentials determined by up-and-down vibration of basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
| Define electromagnetic sensing |
|
Definition
| Detection of radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including those wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Fish detect electrical signals from _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platypus bill can detect electrical currents from ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homing pigeons use ________ to________ |
|
Definition
| magnetite to accurately navigate |
|
|
Term
| Pit vipers sense _______from ________ |
|
Definition
| infrared radiation (heat) from prey |
|
|
Term
| What do photoreceptors do |
|
Definition
| Photoreceptors detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Photon – fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
|
|
Term
| Describe the vision of Platyhelminthes |
|
Definition
| Platyhelminthes- Simple visual organ - Eyecup containing endings of photoreceptor cells detects presence or absence of light. Layer of pigment casts shadows, so can detect direction of light. Does not form visual images |
|
|
Term
| Describe the compound eyes of arthropods and some annelids |
|
Definition
| Many light detectors called ommatidia. Each light detection unit makes up one facet. Lens and crystalline cone focus light onto rhabdom. Rhabdom (transparent tube). Retinula cells surrounding the rhabdom serve as photoreceptors. Pigment cells surround the rhabdom and retinula cells, keep light from one ommatidium from leaking to adjacent ommatidia. Extremely sensitive to movement, but less resolving power than single-lens eye |
|
|
Term
| Describe a single lense eye |
|
Definition
| Found in vertebrates, some mollusks (squid and octopus), and in some snails and annelids. Light transmitted through pupil to retina at the back of the eye. Photoreceptors trigger electrical changes in neurons. Contains sclera, cornea, and iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sclera – strong outer white sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cornea – continuous with sclera but thin and clear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iris – pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensitive to low intensity light. Do not discriminate colors. Used mostly at night |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Require more light for stimulation. Detect color. Fewer cones than rods in human retina |
|
|
Term
| Define the rod cell structure |
|
Definition
A modified type of neuron. Outer segment contains pigment. Inner segment contains nucleus and other organelles
Synaptic terminal-neurotransmitter filled vesicles fuse w/ membrane, interact w/ postsynaptic neurons |
|
|
Term
| Define synaptic termination |
|
Definition
| Synaptic terminal-neurotransmitter filled vesicles fuse w/ membrane, interact w/ postsynaptic neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of opsin protein in a complex with retinal. Retinal – vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy. Opsin – several types. Rod pigment- Rhodopsin. Cone pigments – humans have 3 (red, green, blue), some species have less, birds have 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy |
|
|
Term
| List several types of opsin |
|
Definition
| Rod pigment and cone pigment |
|
|
Term
| What is rod pigment called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| humans have 3 (red, green, blue), some species have less, birds have 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptors differ from other sensory receptor cells because ______________ |
|
Definition
| because their membrane potential is in a slightly depolarized state (positive membrane potential)when the cell is at rest |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization in unstimulated state results in continuous release of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When exposed to ______ retinal structure is altered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Opsin changes shape, intracellular signal is transmitted, resulting in membrane potential becoming |
|
Definition
| hyperpolarized (more negative than normal resting potential) |
|
|
Term
| Hyperpolarization is proportional to the__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals bind to chemoreceptor cells, initiating signals that cause release of neurotransmitters from the chemoreceptor cell. Neurotransmitters initiate electrical responses in neurons that extend axons into the brain. Olfactory sensitivity on mammals is highly variable. depends on the density of olfactory receptor cells (5 million in humans vs. 220 million in dogs) Olfactory receptors have long cilia with specific receptors to bind odor molecules. Only one type of odor receptor expressed per olfactory receptor cell. Binding of chemical ligand results in action potentials being sent to olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. Overall smell sensation depends upon which set of olfactory receptor cells are activated. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of chemoreception |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of taste buds |
|
Definition
| Taste buds are clusters of chemosensory cells that detect particular molecules in food molecules dissolved in saliva. Taste buds located in folds of tongue papillae. Tips of sensory receptor cells in tastebud have microvilli that extend into taste pore |
|
|
Term
| Where are taste buds located |
|
Definition
| Taste buds located in folds of tongue papillae. |
|
|
Term
| What are on the tips of sensory receptor cells in tastebuds |
|
Definition
| Tips of sensory receptor cells in tastebud have microvilli that extend into taste pore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure or structures that serve one or more functions related to support, protection, and locomotion |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of skeleton |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic skeleton, Exoskeleton, and Endoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| Describe a hydrostatic skeleton |
|
Definition
| Water-filled cavity surrounded by muscle. Water is nearly incompressible, so hydrostatic pressure can be used to extend parts of the body |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of hydroskeletons |
|
Definition
Cnidarians – body, tentacles can elongate or shorten
Echinoderms- movement of tube feet
Earthworms – move forward by passing a wave of muscular contractions along the length of the body -(Circular muscles squeeze and elongate while longitudinal muscles shorten and widen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External skeleton surrounding and protecting body. Vary in complexity, thickness, and durability. Arthropods – made of chitin, segmented for movement, must be shed to grow. Interior muscles connected to exoskeletal components for movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal structures. Do not protect body surface, only internal organs and other structures |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of organisms with endoskeletons |
|
Definition
| Sponges (spicules), echinoderms (ossicles), and vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of a vertebrate endoskeleton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axial – main longitudinal axis (skull, spinal column, ribs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appendicular – limb bones and girdles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joint – formed where 2 or more bones come together |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of joints |
|
Definition
| pivot, hinge, and ball-and-socket |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define ball-and-socket joints |
|
Definition
| Movement in several planes |
|
|
Term
| Describe skeletal muscles |
|
Definition
| Muscle is a grouping of contractile cells (muscle fibers) bound together by connective tissue. Tendons link bones to skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Describe lever systems and their purpose |
|
Definition
| Muscles, bones, and joints arranged in lever systems. Lever system amplifies the velocity of muscle shortening. Short, relatively slow movements of a muscle produce faster movements of the hand |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) contain many ___________ along their length. |
|
Definition
| contain many parallel-arranged long protein fibers (myofibrils) along their length. |
|
|
Term
| Each myofibril composed of a series of ___________ |
|
Definition
| Each myofibril composed of a series of sarcomere units -Contractile -composed of interdigitated protein fibers |
|
|
Term
| Muscle cells are packaged in parallel into_________. A group of muscle bundles forms a_________ |
|
Definition
| Muscle cells are packaged in parallel into muscle bundles. A group of muscle bundles forms a muscle |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle is a type of ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Striated muscle named for striped microscopic pattern of ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Striated pattern reveals functional structure of contractile filaments in _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sarcomeres are composed of interdigitating_______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In sarcomer units thick filaments made of myosin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In sarcomer units thin filaments contain ______ ________ and ________ |
|
Definition
| actin, troponin, and tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| Whats a neruomuscular junction |
|
Definition
| Junction of motor neuron’s axon and muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| Axon branches into terminals. Terminals have stored vesicles containing __________ |
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) |
|
|
Term
| Region of muscle fiber under axon terminal is folded into__________to increase surface area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACh receptor is ___________ channel |
|
Definition
| ligand-gated ion channel. (Na+ flows into muscle cell leading to depolarization and an action potential) |
|
|
Term
| Action potentials transmitted in muscle membrane trigger a rise in cytosolic _____released from_________ |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Define transverse or T-tubules |
|
Definition
| Transverse or T-tubules are invaginations of plasma membrane that conduct the action potential from the outer surface to inner regions ( Triggers contraction) |
|
|
Term
| ____________will return calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing muscle to __________. |
|
Definition
| Ion pumps ......relax again. |
|
|
Term
| How do Amphibians perform gas exchange |
|
Definition
| Amphibians and non-crocodilian reptiles rely on lungs and highly permeable skin to obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| What are the two systems that the heart pumps blood to |
|
Definition
| Pulmocutaneous circulation or systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| Define pulmocutaneous circulation |
|
Definition
• Heart pumps blood to either
Pulmocutaneous circulation –respiratory surfaces of lungs and skin |
|
|
Term
| Define systemic circulation |
|
Definition
| Systemic circulation – body tissues |
|
|
Term
| How many atria collect blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood does the right atrium collect |
|
Definition
| Right atrium collects blood that’s been through the body (not lungs) and is low in oxygen (except oxygenated blood from skin) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood does the left atrium collect |
|
Definition
| Left atrium collects blood from lungs (oxygen rich when air breathing) |
|
|
Term
| Both atria dump into single _______ |
|
Definition
ventricle
Internal structure causes oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to remain mostly separated. But, some mixing does occur reducing efficiency |
|
|
Term
| Noncrocodilian reptiles also have 2 atria and 1 ventricle, but_______is not a major exchange surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descrobe the mammalian heart |
|
Definition
| Septum separates atria and ventricles. Blood enters from systemic or pulmonary veins into atrium. Through one-way atrioventricular (AV) valves into ventricles. Out one-way semilunar valves into systemic or pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the heart muscle is electrically excitable |
|
Definition
| Mammalian hearts can generate their own periodic action potentials ->“myogenic” excitation. Nervous input can increase or decrease rate. “Neurogenic” hearts of arthropods require regular electrical impulses from the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What is the Sinoatrial node (SA) node – pacemaker |
|
Definition
| Its a collection of modified cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Action potential spreads because cardiac cells are electrically coupled by ___________(form a syncytium) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe activation of mammalian heart contraction |
|
Definition
| Both atria contract together forcing blood through AV valves into ventricles. Electrical impulses reach atrioventricular (AV) node conducts impulse to ventricles. Both ventricles contract together forcing blood through semilunar valves into systemic or pulmonary arteries. AV valves shut so blood travels only one way |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of the cardiac heart cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the diastole phase |
|
Definition
| Diastole – atria contract and ventricles fill (systemic blood pressure lowest) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the systole phase |
|
Definition
| Systole – ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart (systemic blood pressure highest) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of the cardiac heart cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the diastole phase |
|
Definition
| Diastole – atria contract and ventricles fill (systemic blood pressure lowest) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the systole phase |
|
Definition
| Systole – ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart (systemic blood pressure highest) |
|
|
Term
| Heart valves open and shut in response to _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid connective tissue in closed circulatory systems |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 prominent components of vertebrate blood |
|
Definition
| plasma, erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma – water and solutes. Functions in buffering, water balance and cell transport. Contains dissolved proteins, gases, minerals, nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes – red blood cells. Oxygen transport using hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Describe platelets or thrombocytes |
|
Definition
| Platelets or thrombocytes -Role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leukocytes – white blood cells
Defend body against infection and disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arteries conduct blood away from the heart. Layers of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller in diameter, branches of arteries. Walls thinner than arteries, lack thick layer of connective tissue. Have smooth muscle encircling |
|
|
Term
| What do the smooth muscles around the arterioles do |
|
Definition
| Can dilate or constrict to control blood distribution to tissues - A key factor in blood pressure regulation. |
|
|
Term
| Describe some adaptive capabilities of the vascular system |
|
Definition
| System must adapt to changing conditions – sleep, feeding, sudden activity, and emergencies. Blood can be routed to different areas in proportion to their need for oxygen and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Rerouting of blood is controlled by |
|
Definition
| Can be controlled by Vasodilation/ vasoconstriction. “Precapillary sphincters” |
|
|
Term
| Blood enters capillary on arteriole end under___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pressure forces some fluid out of the blood (in capillary)(not red blood cells or large proteins)out through what |
|
Definition
| Between cells, Small pores, and Fenestrations |
|
|
Term
| Hydrostatic pressure____________along the capillary bed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins in the blood create an___________that draws fluid back into blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the fluid that leaves will be recaptured by the________end of the capillary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________will collect fluid that is not captured and return it to the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capillaries come together to drain into venules. Thin walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thinner and less elastic than arteries. Need help returning blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
| How is blood returned to the heart |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle contractions help propel blood. Veins squeezed by skeletal muscles. Flow is directed by unidirectional valves. |
|
|
Term
| What does respiration refer to |
|
Definition
| Refers to gas exchange processes in the body |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of respiration |
|
Definition
| pulmonary and internal respiration |
|
|
Term
| Define pulmonary respiration |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between the air and blood |
|
|
Term
| Define internal respiration |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange moves carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the air composition |
|
Definition
21% oxygen
78% nitrogen
Less than 1% carbon dioxide and other gases |
|
|
Term
| What is atmospheric pressure |
|
Definition
| pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the body surfaces of animals |
|
|
Term
| What is pressure measured in |
|
Definition
| mmHg or kPa. 1kPa = 7.5 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level |
|
Definition
| Sea level = 760 mmHg. Atmospheric pressure decreases at higher elevations |
|
|
Term
| Atmospheric pressure is the sum of the ___________exerted by each gas in air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partial pressure is determined by the |
|
Definition
the proportion of a particular gas in the atmosphere
PO2 = 0.21 x 760 mmHg = 160 mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion is driven by______________ |
|
Definition
| partial pressure gradients |
|
|
Term
| Can artial pressure can be defined for dissolved gases (gases dissolved in water, blood, hemolymph, etc). |
|
Definition
| Yes, The rate and direction of gas diffusion into or out of blood is determined by partial pressure differences. |
|
|
Term
| Most gases dissolve______ in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some factors influencing solubility in water |
|
Definition
| Higher pressures will result in more gas in solution up to a limit for each gas. Cold water holds more gas than warm water. The presence of other solutes decreases the amount of gas that dissolves into solution |
|
|
Term
| All respiratory organs share certain common features list some |
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Definition
| Moist surfaces in which gases dissolve and diffuse, Often structured to provide large surface area for gas exchange, Extensive blood supply |
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Term
| List some challenges for terrestial verses aquatic animals |
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Definition
| Aquatic animals have less available oxygen (partial pressure of oxygen less in water than in air). When temperatures change in water, oxygen availability also fluctuates (gases dissolve more easily in cold water than warm water). Terrestrial animals have to deal with desiccation (drying out) of respiratory membranes. Water is denser than air, so moving water over respiratory membranes takes more effort for aquatic animals. Also, can create osmotic movement- osmotic water loss or uptake. |
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Term
| Invertebrates with one or a few cell layers (small, flat body form) can use __________for gas exchange |
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Definition
diffusion
Some do not even need specialized transport mechanisms |
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Term
| Larger organisms. Body surfaces may be permeable to gases.________are the only vertebrates to rely on their skin for gas exchange under water |
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Definition
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Term
| List some specialized exchange surfaces |
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Definition
| Gills, tracheae (insects), and lungs |
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Term
| What are some limitations of external gills |
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Definition
| They are unprottected and subject to damage. Their apparance and motion may attract predators |
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Term
| What are the purpose of gill arches |
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Definition
| They are the main supportive structure |
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Term
| _________branch off of gill arches |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ branch off of filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ of insects not used in gas exchange |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of lungs do arachnids (scorpions and some spiders have |
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Definition
| book lungs (more closely resemble gills) |
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Term
| Lungs may be filled using what kind of pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Lungs can be ventilated using |
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Definition
| tidal or flow through systems |
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Term
| What type of creatures use negative pressure to fill their lungs |
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Definition
| reptiles, birds, and mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| a hallow tube 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (tube to stomach) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the glottis open to |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the glottis protected by |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the trachea branch into |
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Definition
| The trachea branches into bronchi which branch into bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| At the tips of the bronchioles, they are small pouches, the site of gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| total concentration of dissolved solute molecules/ Liter |
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Term
| Water moves by osmosis from areas of ________ to ________ |
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Definition
| low osmolarity to high osmolarity |
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Term
| What are the three types of nitrogenous wastes |
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Definition
ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4+)
urea, and uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| functional units of the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| group of interbreeding individuals (same species) present in a particular area |
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