Term
| What does the Central nervous system consit of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the peripheral system consist of? |
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Definition
| neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheal nerves) |
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Definition
| cluster of neuron cell bodies of neurons involved in a simliar function in the CNS |
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Definition
| cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function |
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Definition
| mylenated axons that run in parellel bundles in the CNS |
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Definition
mylenated axons that run in parallel bundles in the PNS (cranial nerves--connected to brain)
(spinal nerves--run from various locations in the body to the spinal chord) |
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Definition
| incoming stimuli (chemical/physical from an animal's body or the external environment) are converted into neural signals |
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Definition
| conscious awareness of sensations (not all sensations are consciously perceived by an organism) |
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Definition
| recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells, either neurons or specialized epithelial cells, when the response is strong enough, and action potential is sent to the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| A higher frequency produces a ___________ stimulus. |
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Definition
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Definition
| transduce mechanical energy (i.e. glass rod pressign on hand) |
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Term
| Electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
| detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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Term
Photoreceptors
(type of Elctromagnetic receptors) |
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Definition
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Term
Thermoreceptors
(type of Electromagnetic receptors) |
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Definition
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Term
infrared receptors
(type of Electromagentic receptors) |
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Definition
| ultraviolet/ magnetic fields |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to specific chemicals |
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Term
| Nociceptors, or pain receptors |
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Definition
| respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids (only respond to an intese stimulus) |
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Term
| Physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell opens ____________ in the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of mechanoreceptors are: |
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Definition
| neurons and epithelial cells |
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Term
| Meissner's corpuscles (skin receptors) |
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Definition
sense touch and light pressure
(lie just beneath the skin's surface) |
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Term
| Pacinian corpuscles (skin receptor) |
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Definition
| respond to deep pressure and vibration (located much deeper beneath the surface) |
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Term
| The Lateral line system can _____. |
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Definition
| detect changes in water currents |
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Term
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Definition
| distance from peak of one sound wave to the next |
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Term
Frequency (Hertz)
(Audition) |
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Definition
| number of complete waves in a second |
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Term
| Short wavelengths have ________ frequencies and are perceived as a ________pitch or tone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Long wavelengths have _______ frequencies and are perceived as a _______ pitch or tone. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pinna and auditory canal
(seperated from middel ear by eardrum) |
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Term
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Definition
| ossicles (malleus, iscus, and stapes) connect eardrum to oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| cochlea (audition) and vestibluar system (equilibrium, balance, proprioception) |
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Term
| What is the flow of sound waves through the ear? |
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Definition
| sound waves--outer ear typmanic membrane vibration--ossicles vibrate--oval window sends pressure waves through cochlea |
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Term
| Equilibrium or Proprioception |
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Definition
| ability to sense the position, orientation, movement of the body |
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Term
| Many aquatic invertebrates have ___________ to send positional information. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflectin off an object |
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Term
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Definition
| fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave |
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Term
| rods (receptor cells in human eye) |
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Definition
| sesitive to low intensity light, do not discriminate color, used mostly at night |
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Term
| cones (receptor cells in human eye) |
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Definition
| require more light for stimulation, detect color |
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Term
| Does the human retina contain more cones or rods? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy |
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Term
| cone pigements (type of opsin protein) |
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Definition
| human have 3 (red, green, blue) distinct photopsins, some species have less, birds have 5 |
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Term
| Rhodopsin (type of opsin protein) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperpolarization in proportinal to _______. |
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Definition
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