Term
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Definition
| movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata |
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Definition
| mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or combination of these |
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Term
| tracheids and vessel elements |
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Definition
| specialized water conducting cells and are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature |
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Definition
| stimulates active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cells expand, and stomata opens |
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Term
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Definition
| the male reproductive flower organ is the ____________. It includes a ____________ topped by an __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| the 3 components of a carpal in a female flower reproductive organ |
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Term
| positive hydrostatic, negative tension |
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Definition
| phloem works under _____ _______ pressure, unlike the xylem which works under ______ _____ pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| sieve tube elements loses __________ and _________ to reduce obstruction to bulk flow |
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Term
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Definition
| type of sugar used for most long distance transport |
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Term
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Definition
| bulk transport from source to sink tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of single celled zygotes by mitosis |
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Term
| no cell wall, no photosynthesis, rapid+coordinated movement |
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Definition
| what are 3 unique/ distinct things about animals compared to plants |
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Term
| cardiac, skeletal, smooth |
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Definition
| 3 types of muscle tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid between cells outside vessels |
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Term
| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins |
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Definition
| 5 categories of organic food molecules for complete nutrition |
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Term
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Definition
| used as coenzymes (play essential functions in enzyme catalyzed reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes in saliva that kills ingested bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by chief cells in stomach walls of pits, in active form they are converted to pepsin to begin protein digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| forestomach of herbivores contain these 3 lower esophageal pouches |
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Term
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Definition
| finger-like projections on mucosal surface of the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ion rich fluid, release into the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids are most ingested in the form of ________--. |
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Term
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Definition
| triglycerides and other lipids are assembled into ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| nervous system is composed largely of 2 cell types |
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Term
| sensory, motor, and interneurons |
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Definition
| 3 general types of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| oligodendrocytes and schwann cells make up the ________ _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| junction where nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell, or gland |
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Term
| excitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| brings membrane closer to threshold potential (opening of ligand-gated sodium channels) |
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Term
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Definition
| phylum of animals containing a nerve ring around mouths connected to longer radial nerves extending into arms |
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Term
| nociceptors, pain receptors |
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Definition
| type of receptors that respond to extremes of cold, heat, and pressure as well as to certain molecules such as acids |
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Term
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Definition
| skin receptor that senses touch+ light pressure and lies just beneath the skin surface |
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Term
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Definition
| connects to pharynx, equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial/plant symbiotic associations in which bacteria in nodules provide fixed nitrogen for the plants are referred to as: |
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Term
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Definition
in plants, companion cells are most closely associated with the process of
(a) phototropism
(b) thigmonasty
(c) phloem transport
(d) transpiration
(e) transport of water and dissolved nutrients into root vasculature |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of sperm with the central cell produces a.... |
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Term
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Definition
| multilayered epithelia are referred to as.. |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is not an example of the function of a macronutrient?
(a) phosphate in energy metabolism
(b) a copper ion cofactor of an enzyme/ protein
(c) potassium in electrical impulse transmission in neurons
(d) calcium as a component of bones |
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Term
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Definition
in the oral cavity of mammals, _________ digestion is initiated by the activity of the ____________ enzyme.
(a) protein....pepsin
(b)protein...lysosyme
(c) carbohydrate/polysaccharide...pepsin
(d)nucleic acid...amylase
(e)carbohydrates/polysaccharides...amylase |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is not true about gastrovascular cavities?
(a)often utilize both extracellular and intracellular digestion
(b) one opening serves as entry and exit
(c)found in platyhelminthes (planarians)
(d) divided into multiple specialized compartments that serve specialized digestive functions
(e) found in cnidarians |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane extensions/ projections of neurons that transmit electrical impulses toward the cell body are called... |
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Term
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Definition
after the passing of an action potential, the rapid repolarization of a neuron's membrane is caused by:
(a) opening of voltage gated sodium channels
(b) closing of the inactivation gate of the sodium channel
(c) opening of voltage gated potassium channels
(d) all of the above
(e) b and c |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is not categorized as connective tissue in animals?
(a) smooth muscle
(b) cartilage)
(c) bone
(d) blood
(e) fat (adipose tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| the lymphatic vessels found in villi that are involved in chylomicron uptake are called... |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamins typically function as... |
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Term
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Definition
digestive processes in sponges occur through:
(a) extracellular digestion in a gastrovascular cavity
(b) intracellular digestion
(c) a combination of extracellular and intracellular digestion
(d) the activities of an alimentary canal system
(e) none of the above |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is NOT a major function of the large intestine in mammals?
(a) absorption of water
(b) secretion (release of excess blood minerals)
(c) absorption of microbially produced vitamins
(d)absorption of amino acids from protein digestion
(e) storage of fecal matter |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is true of a neuron at its resting potential
(a)negatively charged macromolecules are more concentrated outside than inside the cell
(b) sodium concentrations are higher outside than inside the cell
(c)the membrane potential is positive
(d) potassium concentrations are higher outside than inside the cell
(e)none of the above |
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Term
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Definition
which of the following is not an important aspect of the cohesion-tension theory of xylem bulk flow?
(a)positive hydrostatic pressure generated by the influx of water into sugar-rich xylem vessels in the leaves
(b)adhesion of water to lignified cell wall material
(c) cohesion between water molecules
(d) evaporation of water in leaves through stomatal openings
(e) a pipeline-like arrangement of vessel elements |
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Term
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Definition
| symplastic transport in plants directly relies on: |
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Term
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Definition
| form of tissue level transport involving the export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| contiuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| feature in plants that prevents apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues (only symplastic movements allowed) |
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Term
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Definition
| large amounts of water enter the long distance conducting cells of the xylem carrying solutes along |
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Term
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Definition
| water is cohesive due to strong _________ |
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Term
| leaf abscission/ leaf drop |
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Definition
| occurs normally in plants to prevent water stress or to temperature or light changes |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area |
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Term
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Definition
| anther is a group of 4 ____________. |
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Term
| vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurtures female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| female flower reproductive structure that produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
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Term
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Definition
| spore producing structure in female flower organ that is enclosed by integuments (megasporangium) |
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Term
| symplastic loading and partial apoplastic loading |
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Definition
| 2 types of phloem loading |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
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Term
| photosynthetic leaf mesophyll |
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Definition
| main sugar "source" during the time of year when leaves are actively photosynthesizing |
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Term
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Definition
| main "source" when new growth, leaf formation occurs in the spring |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid, spore-producing sporophyte produces spores by__________ |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid, gamete producing gametophyte produces gametes by ____________. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stem branch that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| desnely packed cells that cover the body of individual organs and line the walls of body cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid portion of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| have fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid |
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Term
| transport, mechanical, chemical |
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Definition
| ATP can be used for 3 types of work |
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Term
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Definition
| fat soluble vitamins are stored in _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| esophagus transmits food from ________ to ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by pareital cells in walls of pits; kills microbes and dissolves particulate matter |
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Term
| stomach muscles, pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
| _________ and the __________ regulate rate of emptying into the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| true-stomach; eventually food, microbes and by-products of microbial digestion enter this structure |
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Term
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Definition
| increase surface area of the small intestine 600 fold |
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Term
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Definition
| houses cellulose-digesting microbes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ascending, transverse, and descending |
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Definition
| large intestine is separated into 3 areas |
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Term
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Definition
| clips fatty acids off at glycerol backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| large fibrous extensions of the plasma membrane; act as sensory receptors or interact with sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| type of glial cell used for metabolic support/ protection |
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Term
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Definition
| type of glial cell used to remove cellular debris |
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Term
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Definition
| form tracks for neuronal migration in embryos |
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Term
| observed resting potential |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane more polarized, cytoplasm of cell becomes more negative relative to surrounding envrionment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| place limits on the frequency of action potentials; while inactivation gate of Na+ closed, cell is unresponsive to another stimulus- cannot initiate another action potential |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| brings membrane closer to threshold potential |
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Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| takes membrane farther form threshold potential |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have dual nerve cords extending the length of the animal and connect to transverse nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have a nerve net with the simplest nervous system and neurons cannot connect to each other in a loose network |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| animals that have a brain that has several subdivisions with separate functions |
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