Term
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Definition
Export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell
(ex: movement of auxin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic channels which transverse the cell walls of plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by all of a plant's cells and plasmodesmata; connected cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of solutes through cell wall material spaces between cells
Short distance transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces |
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Term
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Definition
Prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues
Only allow symplastic movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these |
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Term
| Movement of fluid in xylem and phloem |
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Definition
Xylem water flow driven upward by transpiration "pull" and root pressure "push"
Movement of phloem occurs from regions of high to low solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Alive, not directly involved in long-distance transport |
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Term
| Tracheids and vessel elements |
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Definition
| Specialized water-conducting cells that are always dead and empty of cytosol when mature |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, narrow cells with slanted cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
Aligned in pipeline-like files known as vessels
Give greater capacity for bulk flow in flowering plants
Water moves faster through them than tracheids |
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Term
| Use of water in photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Formation of reduced carbon compounds |
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Term
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Definition
Leaf drop; occurs to prevent water stress
Particularly valuable adaptation for desert plants/angiosperm trees |
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Term
| Symplastic phloem loading |
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Definition
Many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf to companion cells and then to sieve-tube elements
Does not require ATP; facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| Partial apoplastic phloem loading |
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Definition
Load sugar into sieve-tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport
ATP must be used to move sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve-tube element |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulk transportation from source to sink tissue |
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Term
| Diploid, spore-producing sporophyte |
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Definition
| Produces spores by meiosis |
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Term
| Haploid, gamete-producing gametophyte |
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Definition
| Produces gametes by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Often function to protect unopened flower bud |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually serve in the attraction of pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce male gametophyte and foster their early development |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of single or multiple fused carpels
Produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophyte and mature male gametophyte |
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Term
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Definition
| At the time of dispersal, a two- or three-celled male gametophyte produced by mitotic division (enclosed in a pollen grain) |
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Term
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Definition
Within ovule, four produced by diploid cell through meiosis (three die)
Surviving megaspore generates female gametophyte by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Divides to produce 2 sperm cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
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Term
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Definition
| Spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments |
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Term
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Definition
| The development of single celled zygotes by mitosis |
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Term
| All animals share similarities: |
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Definition
1. Exchange materials with their surroundings
2. Obtain energy from organic nutrients
3. Synthesize complex molecules
4. Duplicate themselves (reproduce)
5. Detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment |
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Term
| What is unique/distinct about animals in comparison to plants? |
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Definition
1. No cell wall (impacts on developmental events, tissue/organ structure)
2. No photosynthesis--acquisition of organic nutrients
3. Rapid, coordinated movements used in pursuit of food, or avoidance of predators |
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Term
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Definition
| Attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| Only found in the heart, involuntary control |
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Term
| Four types of animal tissues |
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Definition
1. Muscle
2. Nervous
3. Epithelial
4. Connective |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiates and conducts electrical signals from one part of the animal's body to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells specialized to contract |
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Term
| Three types of muscle tissue in higher animals |
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Definition
1. Skeletal
2. Smooth
3. Cardiac |
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Term
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Definition
Sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs and line the walls of body cavities
Specialized to protect, provide selective permeability, secrete or absorb materials |
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Term
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Definition
Includes blood, adipose (fat), blood, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissues
Provides scaffold for attachment, protects and cushions, provides mechanical strength, and transmits mechanical forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated function(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Different organs work together to perform/regulate complex functions |
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Term
| Two main types of body fluids |
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Definition
Intracellular fluid-inside cells
Extracellular fluid-outside cells |
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Term
| Closed circulatory systems |
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Definition
Fluid (blood) is pumped, and kept to a certain extent, within vessel system
Plasma-fluid portion of blood
Blood cells suspended in plasma
Interstitial fluid-fluid between cells outside vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid
Typically no blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Consume animal flesh or fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| Eat both plant and animal material |
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Term
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Definition
Any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction
Must be taken into the body or absorbed, may need to be digested |
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Term
| Five categories of organic food molecules for complete nutrition |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
8 required by many animals (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine)
Cannot be synthesized by animal's own cells, are not stored |
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Term
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Definition
| Needed for building fats, phospholipids, steroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Simple example of extracellular digestion
One opening is entry and exit
Epithelial lining secretes digestive enzymes-breaks down food into smaller particles or molecules, digestion of particles completed intracellularly |
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Term
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Definition
Single elongated tube with entry and exit ends
Muscular action propels food in one direction through the system
Lined by epithelial cells that synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes and hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the nervous system that use electrical impulses to transmit signals to other cells/regions of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Relatively short, fibrous (often multiple) extensions of the plasma membrane
May be single or branching
Transmit incoming electrical signals (propagating toward cell body) |
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Term
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Definition
Longer fibrous extensions of the plasma membrane
Typically single, but can branch
Send electrical signals propagating outward from cell body
Terminal branches or nerve terminal at far end, axon hillock (base near cell body) at cell body |
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Term
| Three general types of neurons |
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Definition
| Sensory, motor, interneurons |
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Term
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Definition
Detect stimuli from the outside world or internal body conditions
Act as sensory receptors or interact with sensory receptors
Afferent neurons-in vertebrates, transmit signals to the central nervous system (CNS, brain and spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
| In vertebrates, send signals away from CNS (efferent neurons) to elicit response (muscle contraction or glandular secretion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Form interconnections between other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves all three types of neurons; stimulus from sensory neurons sent to CNS, little or no interpretation, signal transmitted to motor neurons to elicit response |
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Term
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia, radial glia |
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Term
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Definition
| Glial cells that provide metabolic support and protection |
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Term
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Definition
| Glial cells that remove cellular debris |
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Term
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Definition
| Glial cells that form tracks for neuronal migration in embryos |
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Term
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Definition
Cell membrane potential becomes less negative, inside of cell less negative relative to surrounding environment
Typically in neurons, gated channels open allowing Na+ to flow in and membrane potential becomes more positive |
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Term
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Definition
Cell membrane more polarized, cytoplasm of cell becomes more negative relative to surrounding environment
In neurons, can occur if K+ moves out of the cell, making the interior of the cell less positive |
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Term
| Voltage-gated ion channels |
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Definition
| Open and close in response to voltage changes |
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Term
| Ligand-gated ion channels |
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Definition
| Open and close in response to ligands (chemicals that bind to proteins) or chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
Small amplitude depolarized or hyperpolarization
Amplitude varies incrementally depending on strength of stimulus
Occur locally, spread across a short distance and die out |
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Term
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Definition
Always the same, large-amplitude depolarization (cell membrane becomes positive)
All-or-none, either triggered or not
Actively propagated outward from initial location, "regenerative" (an action potential in one area of the membrane can invoke an action potential in an adjacent area) |
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Term
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Definition
| Junction where nerve terminal meets a neuron, a muscle cell, or gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Ions flow freely through gap junctions from cell to cell; direct connection between pre- and postsynaptic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter acts as a signal from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| Ionotropic post-synaptic receptors |
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Definition
| Ligand-gated ion channels open in response to neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Metabolic post-synaptic receptors |
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Definition
| G-protein coupled receptors initiate changes in postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| Brings membrane closer to threshold potential (opening of ligand-gated sodium channels) |
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Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| Takes membrane farther from threshold potential (hyperpolarization, opening of ligand-gated potassium channels) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve net, simplest nervous system-neurons connect to each other in a loose network |
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Term
| Echinoderm nervous system |
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Definition
| Nerve ring around the mouth connected to larger radial nerves extending to arms |
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Term
| Platyhelminthes nervous system |
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Definition
| Dual nerve cords extend length of animal, connected by transverse nerves; two anterior ganglia (clusters of nerves); perform basic integration functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Same general plan as planarians; more neurons, "integrative center" in anterior, ventral nerve cords have ganglia in each segment |
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Term
| Simple mollusk nervous system |
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Definition
| Similar to annelids, two paired nerve cords with several paired ganglia |
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Term
| Advanced mollusk nervous system |
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Definition
| Cerebral ganglion highly developed |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain has several subdivisions with separate functions |
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Term
| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| Neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheral nerves) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS
(Cranial nerves are connected directly to the brain, spinal nerves run from various locations in the body to the spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
| Incoming stimuli (chemical or physical from an animal's body or external environment)are converted into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
Conscious awareness of sensations
Not all sensations are consciously perceived by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells (either neurons or specialized epithelial cells) |
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