Microscopic channels which transverse the cell walls of plant cells transport. 

Occurs primarily by diffusion 

Apoplastic Transport

Continuum of water soaked cell walls in intercellular spaces. 

Short distance trasport 

Plant expend little to no enegy on bulk flow through xylem

Water sticks to walls of xylem vessels 

Powers xylem bulk flow

Evaporation at leaf surfaces-90% of water is evaporated

This pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil

Guard cells close to conserve water 

Blue light stimulated active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in 

Cell expands

Stomata opens

-Occurs to prevent-

Water stress

Temperature changes

Light changes 

Valuable adaptation for desert plants and angiosperm trees. 

Positive hydrostatic pressure

Supporting  fibers

Parenchyma cells

Sieve Tube elements 

Adjacent companion cells

Sieve Tube Elements

Loses nucleus and cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow

Does not require ATP; facilitated diffusion 

Woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells into companion cells and sieve tube elements via plasmodesmata 

Sugar, Sieve-tube elements 

Bulk transport from source to sink tissue

Transport driven by differences in tugor pressure between cells of a sugar source and sugar sink 

May change during the seasons

Pressure Flow hypothesis

German plant physiologist 

Sieve tube elements near source tissues have comparatively high solute contents due to movement of sugars from source

Water builds turgor pressure 

In the Pressure flow hypothesis

Vessel elements near ____ tissues have _____solute concentation 

Alteration of generations

Diploid 

Spore-producing sporophyte

Produces spores by meiosis 

Alteration of generations

Haploid 

Gamete producing gametophyte

Produces gametes by mitosis 

Pistil 

(Single or multiple fused carpels)

Filiment topped by anther 

The pollen wall is composed of

sporopollenin which helps in three things

Physical strength

Chemically inert

Resistant to microbial attack 

Vase-shaped 

Produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes 

Veins of vascular tissure that deliver nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the gametophytes 

Grows through micropyle and delivers sperm to female gametophyte 

Results in double fertilization 

Germinates by taking up water and producing a pollen tube 

Nucleus divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells 

One of the two sperm cells fertilizes eggs to produce the diploid zygote 

Other sperm fuses with 2 nucliei located in central cell 

This produses an endosperm by the process of mitosis 

Develops as a nutritive tissue 

Triploid chromosome number 

Nutritional needs for developing embryo and seedlings 

Rich in protein, lipid, carbohydrate , vitamins and minerals 

Young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte 

Tough seed coat 

Tissues from two sporophye generations 

The development of single celled zygotes by mitosis 

First cell division is unequal 

Apical-basal polarity 

Smaller cell develops into embryo

Larger cell develops into suspensor

Channels nutrients and hormones to younf embryo 

Dissapears and older embryos rely in endosperm 

Are spherical when young but become heart shaped as cotyledons develop

Shoot meristem forms between cotyledons 

Cylindrical with a single sotyledon and a side notch where apical meristem forms 

Exchange materials with their surroundings 

Obtain energy from organic nutrients 

Synthesize complex molecules 

Reproduce

Detect and respond to signals in their immediate enviroment 

No cell wall 

No photosynthesis

Rapid and coordinated movement 

Different Cell types in animals 

Muscle tissue cell

Nerve cell

Epithelial cell

Connective tissue 

Specialized cells of a specific type of organized together to perform a specific function 

Skeletal- attached to bone for locomotion, voluntary control

Smooth- Surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of content, involuntary control 

Cardiac-only in the heart, involuntary control

Nervous tissue - initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another 

Stimulate new electrical signals in adjacent neurons 

Stimulate musckes to contract

Stimulate glands to release chemicals

Sheets of cells that cover the body or organs 

line the walls of body cavities 

Protect, provide selective permeability 

Secrete or absorb materials 

Rest on basal lamina or basement membrane 

Blood

Adipose 

Bone

Cartilage

Loose and dense connective tissue 

Composed of extracellular matrix around cells 

Provides scaffold for attachment 

Protects and cushions 

Mechanical strength 

Transmit mechanical forces 

Intracellular- inside cells 

Extracellular fluid- outside cells 

Fluid pumped within vessel system 

Plasma- Fluid portion of blood 

Blood cells suspended in plasma

Intersitial fluid- Fluid between cells outside vessels 

Plasma

 Fluid portion of blood 

Intersitial fluid

Fluid (hemolymph) is pumped with no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid 

No blood cells 

Any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for 

Survival 

Growth

Development

Tissue repair

or Reproduction 

Nutrient Adsorption 

Transport work 

Mechanical work 

Chemical work 

Carbohydrates 

Proteins 

Lipids

Nucleid acids

Vitamins 

Inorganic nutrients

(minerals) 

Phosphate

Potassium

Sodium

Calcium

Iron 

Essential amino acids

Essential fatty acids 

Essential minerals 

Essential vitamins

Essential fatty acids needed for 

Energy metabolism 

Body structure

Membrane transport

Electrical impulses in the nervous system 

Essential organic micronutrients that serve as coenzymes 

Only found in very simple invertebrate animals

Sponges

Food is phagocytosed and broken down by enzymes in intracellular compartments

(Lysosomes)