Term
| What are some plant adaptations that allow for increased nutrient supply |
|
Definition
| Highly branched roots, More or longer root hairs, Fungal symbiotic associations, Bacterial symbiotic associations, Capture of animals by carnivorous plants, and Parasitic associations |
|
|
Term
| List some symbiotic Associations that Aid in Nutrient Acquisition |
|
Definition
| Mycorhizzal associations, Plant-prokaryote symbioses, and Legume-Rhizobia symbioses |
|
|
Term
| Tell about Mycorhizzal associations |
|
Definition
| About 90% of seed plants have fungal symbiotic associations. Fungi live within root tissues or envelop root surfaces. Fungi obtain organic food from plant while fungi supplies water and mineral nutrients. Very efficient way to harvest water and minerals (especially phosphorus) from a larger volume of soil |
|
|
Term
| Tell about plant-prokaryote symbioses |
|
Definition
| Provide fixed nitrogen. Some bacterial symbiotes live within plant cells or tissues. Plant provides organic nutrients to bacteria. Bacteria supplies plants with more fixed nitrogen than they could get from soil |
|
|
Term
| Tell about legume-rhizobia symbioses |
|
Definition
| Certain bacteria live in root cells of legumes. Rhizobia can live independently but only fix nitrogen inside root nodules. Nodule formation involves chemical signals between rhizobia and host plant |
|
|
Term
| What does the root system absorb from the soil |
|
Definition
| water and dissolved minerals |
|
|
Term
| What does the shoot system use during photosynthesis to produce sugar needed by roots and for overall plant growth and reproduction |
|
Definition
| minerals and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| What plant tissue transports water and dissolved minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant tissue transports dissolved organic substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do cells use active or passive processes to promote transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water content of plant cells depends on |
|
Definition
| Osmosis and Turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells -Cell walls restrict the extent to which the cells can swell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A turgid plant has a cytosol /vacuole full of water and plasma membrane pushes up against cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Plasmolyzed cell |
|
Definition
| A “Plasmolyzed” cell has lost so much water that turgor pressure lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flaccid cell is between the 2 extremes of turgid and plasmolyzed |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 forms of tissue-level transport |
|
Definition
| Transmembrane transport, Symplastic transport and Apoplastic transport |
|
|
Term
| Describe Transmembrane transport |
|
Definition
| Export of a material from one cell into the intercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell. Movement of auxin |
|
|
Term
| Describe Symplastic transport |
|
Definition
Movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata
“Symplast” formed by all of a plant’s cells and plasmodesmata; connected cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
| Define Apoplastic transport |
|
Definition
| Movement of solutes through cell wall material, spaces between cells. Apoplast – continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces. Short distance transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells. |
|
|
Term
| How does transport through plasmodesmata primarily occur |
|
Definition
| Transport through plasmodesmata occurs primarily by diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuum of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| What kind of transport is used for mineral nutrient transport through the outer tissues of roots |
|
Definition
| Both symplastic and apoplastic transport play important roles in mineral nutrient transport through the outer tissues of roots |
|
|
Term
| What type of transport carries water and minerals non-selectively |
|
Definition
| Apoplastic transport moves soil water and dissolved minerals non-selectively through root epidermal and cortex tissues |
|
|
Term
| What type of transport stops at the root endodermis |
|
Definition
| Apoplastic movement stops at root endodermis – barrier between root cortex and central core |
|
|
Term
| What prevents apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues (only symplastic movements allowed). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe movement of materials into endodermis |
|
Definition
| Endodermal plasma membranes possess specific channels and transporters for essential mineral nutrients. Root endodermis functions as a molecular filter that allows the passage of beneficial solutes that have entered from the symplast or have been specifically transported into endodermal cytosol through specific transport channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large amounts of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along |
|
|
Term
| Describe bulk or mass flow |
|
Definition
| mass movement of liquid caused by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these. Liquids and dissolved solutes move faster by bulk flow than diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Describe water movement in xylem |
|
Definition
| Xylem water flow driven upward by transpirational “pull” and a root pressure “push” |
|
|
Term
| Describe water flow in the phloem |
|
Definition
| Movement of phloem occurs from regions of high to low solute concentration |
|
|
Term
| Flowering plant _________ contains several types of specialized cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Xylem parenchyma cells |
|
Definition
| Xylem parenchyma cells are alive, not directly involved in long-distance transport |
|
|
Term
| Describe thick-walled supportive fibers in the xylem |
|
Definition
| Thick-walled supportive fibers may be alive or dead at maturity; provide structural support |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe tracheids and vessel elements |
|
Definition
| Tracheids and vessel elements are specialized water-conducting cells and are always dead and empty of cytosol/cytoplasm when mature (gymnosperms contain only tracheids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tracheids are long and narrow with slanted end walls. They are lignin-containing (water-impermeable, secondary wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonlignified holes that allow water to flow from one tracheid to another |
|
|
Term
| Describe vessels and vessel elements |
|
Definition
| Vessel elements are aligned in pipeline-like files known as vessels. Gives greater capacity for bulk flow to flowering plants. Water flows faster through vessels than tracheid |
|
|
Term
| Plants expend little or no energy on bulk flow through xylem. Forces that power xylem bulk flow:_________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Force that power xylem bulk flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whats the importance of adhesion in the xylem |
|
Definition
| water sticks to lignified walls of xylem vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What indirectly powers transpiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does heat from sunlight contribute to transpiration |
|
Definition
| Causes evaporation at leaf surfaces; 90% of water taken in is lost by evaporation. Tension exerted on water by evaporation at plant’s surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil |
|
|
Term
| What percent of the water taken up into the plant is used for photosynthesis, formation of reduced carbon compounds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some adaptations to reduce transpirational water loss |
|
Definition
| Stomatal movements and Leaf abscission or leaf drop |
|
|
Term
| Describe the stomata movements which reduce water loss |
|
Definition
| Guard cells close to conserve water when it is not needed for photosynthesis. Blue light stimulates active guard cell ion uptake, water flows in, cell expands and stomata opens. At night, ions pumped out, cell deflates and stomata closes -ABA can also close stomata during the day |
|
|
Term
| Describe leaf abcission or leaf drop |
|
Definition
| Occurs normally to prevent water stress, or to temperature or light changes. Particularly valuable adaptation for desert plants and angiosperm trees of seasonally cold habitats (during times when photosynthsis isn’t occuring efficiently). |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates formation of abscission zone with separation layer and underlying protective area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mature phloem tissues remain alive and retain at least some cytoplasmic components |
|
|
Term
| What type of pressure does phloem use |
|
Definition
| Phloem works under postive hydrostatic pressure, unlike xylem, which is under tension (negative pressure) |
|
|
Term
| What is phloem composed of |
|
Definition
| Its composed of supporting fibers, parenchyma cells, sieve-tube elements (cells), and adjacent companion cells |
|
|
Term
| Do sieve tube element contain a cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| Sieve-tube element loses its nucleus and most of the cytoplasm to reduce obstruction to bulk flow |
|
|
Term
| What supplies mRNA and proteins to sieve tube element via plasmodesmata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plays an essential role in conveying sugars to sieve-tube elements for long-distance transport |
|
Definition
| Companion cells -(Sucrose (disaccharide) used for most long distance transport) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of phloem loading |
|
Definition
| Symplastic and Partly apoplastic and partly transmembrane transport |
|
|
Term
| Describe symplastic phloem loading |
|
Definition
| Many woody plants transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf, to companion cells and then to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmata. Does not require ATP; facilitated diffusion. |
|
|
Term
| Describe partly apoplastic and partly transmembrane transport phloem loading |
|
Definition
| Load sugar into sieve-tube elements or companion cells from intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport. ATP must be used to move the sugar across a plasma membrane into a companion cell or sieve-tube element |
|
|
Term
| Phloem transport is driven by what differences |
|
Definition
| Phloem transport driven by differences in turgor pressure that occur between cells of a sugar source and sugar sink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that is producing and releasing sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar |
|
|
Term
| Define translocation (as it relates to the phloem) |
|
Definition
| bulk transport from source to sink tissue |
|
|
Term
| Do source and sink tissue ever change |
|
Definition
| Source and sink tissues may change during the seasonal cycle |
|
|
Term
| Describe some changes in the source and sink tissue |
|
Definition
| Photosynthetic leaf mesophyll is the main sugar “source” during the time of the year when leaves are actively photosynthsizing. Roots are the main “source” when new growth, leaf formation occurs in the spring. Roots, developing leaves, seeds and fruits are sugar “sinks” at different times of the year |
|
|
Term
| Does the direction of flow in the phloem ever change |
|
Definition
| Because of the changes in source and sink tissues, the direction of phloem flow may change with seasons |
|
|
Term
| Who came up with the pressure-flow hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Ernst Munch, German plant physiologist, 1930 |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pressure-flow hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Sieve-tube elements near source tissues have comparatively high solute contents due to movement of sugars from source. Water tends to rush into them from adjacent xylem, thereby building hydrostatic (turgor) pressure. Vessel elements near “sink” tissues (tissues that absorb and store up sugars from photosynthesis) have lower solute concentration (solute pressure becomes less negative). Hydrostatic pressure (positive) overcomes reduced solute pressure, and water moves into adjacent xylem. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most basic way to describe the plant life cycle |
|
Definition
| Alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 multicellular life cycle stages of a plant |
|
Definition
| the diploid and haploid phase |
|
|
Term
| Describe the diploid stage |
|
Definition
| spore-producing sporophyte. Produces spores by meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the haploid stage |
|
Definition
| gamete-producing gametophyte. Produces gametes by mitosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the shoot in flowers |
|
Definition
| The reproductive shoot is a stem branch that produces reproductive organs instead of leaves |
|
|
Term
| List the flower organs produced by shoot apical meristems |
|
Definition
| sepals, petals, stamens, and pistols |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sepals |
|
Definition
| Sepals often function to protect unopened flower bud |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of petals |
|
Definition
| Petals usually serve in attraction of pollinators |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of stamens |
|
Definition
| They produce male gametophyte and foster their early development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pistols(composed of single, or multiple fused carpels)produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filament topped by anther |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anther is a group of 4 microsporangia |
|
|
Term
| Diploid cells in anther undergo meiosis to produce what |
|
Definition
| Diploid cells in anther undergo meiosis producing 4 tiny, haploid spores (microspores) |
|
|
Term
| At time of dispersal, microspores have divided mitotically to produce two cells enclosed in a pollen grain. What are these two cells |
|
Definition
| The Tube cell and the Generative cell |
|
|
Term
| Each male gametophyte (pollen grain) develops a tough outer wall. During a later phase of development, mitotic division of the generative cell produces what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe early male gametophyte development |
|
Definition
| Generative cell divides to produce 2 sperm cells. Tube cell will form pollen tube. Pollen wall development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each plant species has distinctive shape to pollen wall. Composed largely of sporopollenin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It provides Physical strength, is Chemically inert, and Resistant to microbial attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes. Contain veins of vascular tissue that deliver nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the developing gametophytes. Flower contains one or more carpels that form a pistil |
|
|
Term
| What is the carpel composed of |
|
Definition
| Carpel composed of stigma, style and ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces and nourishes one or more ovules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Its the spore-producing structure enclosed in integuments = MEGASPORANGIUM |
|
|
Term
| What happens within an ovule |
|
Definition
| Within ovule, a single diploid cell produces 4 megaspores by meiosis (3 die) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the female gametophyte |
|
Definition
Each ovule produces a single female gametophyte by mitosis of the megaspore
The female gametophyte often possess 7 cells and 8 nuclei. (egg cell, 2 synergids, 3 antipodal cells, and central cell) |
|
|
Term
| Egg cell lies between 2 ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the synergids located and what do they do |
|
Definition
| They are located close to micropyle of ovule. Synergids help provide nutrients to female gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| How many antipodal cells are there in a female gametophyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei do central cells often contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the development of the mature male gametophyte |
|
Definition
| When pollen grains land on stigma, stigma allows only appropriate genotype to germinate. Pollen tube grows through micropyle and delivers sperm to female gametophyte. Results in double fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Describe pollen germination |
|
Definition
| Pollen grain germinates by taking up water and producing a pollen tube. Pollen generative nucleus usually divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells. Upon rehydration a pollen tube extends into the spaces between cells of the style. To deliver sperm to egg cells, the tube must grow from the stigma, through the style, to the ovule. A pollen tube conveys 2 sperm cells to the female gametophyte. Tip growth controlled by tube cell nucleus. New cytoplasm and cell wall material added to tip of elongating cell. Callose plugs concentrate components of the cytoplasm at the tip. Tube enters through micropyle of the ovule |
|
|
Term
| Describe the double fertilization |
|
Definition
| One of the 2 sperm cells fertilizes the egg to produce the diploid zygote. Other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei located in central cell. Produces endosperm by mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endosperm develops as a nutritive tissue, usually triploid chromosome number. Supplies nutritional needs for developing embryo and often seedling. Rich in protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. Nutrients in endosperm comes from parent sporophyte by apoplastic transport. Eudicots store organic food inside cotyledons – mature seeds contain little to no endosperm
Monocots retain considerable endosperm in the mature seed (only part incorporated into the single cotyledon) |
|
|
Term
| Eudicots store organic food inside ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An embryo is a young, multicellular, diploid sporophyte. Tough seed coat produced by sporophyte integuments. Seeds contain tissues from 2 sporophyte generations |
|
|
Term
| Describe embryo development |
|
Definition
| Embryogenesis is the development of single celled zygotes by mitosis. First cell division is unequal. Establishes apical-basal polarity. Smaller cell develops into embryo. Larger cell develops into suspensor that channels nutrients and hormones to young embryo. Suspensor disappears and older embryos rely on endosperm |
|
|
Term
| In embryo development what does the smaller cell develope into |
|
Definition
| Smaller cell develops into embryo |
|
|
Term
| In embryo development what does the larger cell develop into |
|
Definition
| Larger cell develops into suspensor that channels nutrients and hormones to young embryo. Suspensor disappears and older embryos rely on endosperm |
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of young eudicot embryos |
|
Definition
| Young eudicot embryos are spherical but become heart-shaped as cotyledons develop; shoot meristem forms between cotyledons |
|
|
Term
| Describe the shape of mature monocot embryos |
|
Definition
| Mature monocot embryos are cylindrical with a single cotyledon and a side notch where apical meristem forms |
|
|
Term
| All animals share similarities in the ways in which they |
|
Definition
| Exchange materials with their surroundings. Obtain energy from organic nutrients. Synthesize complex molecules. Duplicate themselves (reproduce). Detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment |
|
|
Term
| What is unique/distinct about animals in comparison to plants? |
|
Definition
| No cell wall (Impacts on Developmental events. Tissue/organ structure) No photosynthesis (acquisition of organic nutrients) Rapid, coordinated movement used in pursuit of food, or avoidance of predators. |
|
|
Term
| Levels of organization in animal bodies |
|
Definition
| tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized cells of a specific type organized together to perform a specific function. |
|
|
Term
| Animal tissues can be classified into 4 main categories: |
|
Definition
| muscle tissue, nervous tissue epithelial tissue and connective tissue, |
|
|
Term
| Muscle tissues are specialized to |
|
Definition
| Cells are specialized to contract |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of muscle tissue in higher animals |
|
Definition
| Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac |
|
|
Term
| Describe skeletal tissues |
|
Definition
| Skeletal – attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smooth – surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cardiac – only in the heart, involuntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal’s body to another |
|
|
Term
| Electrical signals produced in a nerve cell may |
|
Definition
| Stimulate new electrical signals in adjacent neurons, Stimulate muscles to contract, or Stimulate glands to release chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Describe epithelial tissue |
|
Definition
Sheets of densely packed cells that: Cover the body or individual organs
-Line the walls of body cavities
Specialized to protect, provide selective permeability, secrete or absorb materials. Rest on basal lamina or basement membrane (secreted extracellular matrix) |
|
|
Term
| Describe connective tissues |
|
Definition
| Includes blood, adipose (fat), bone, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue. Oftentimes, much of connective tissue composed of extracellular matrix around cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some functions of connective tissues |
|
Definition
| Provides scaffold for attachment, Protects and cushions, Mechanical strength, and Transmit mechanical forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated function/functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different organs work together to perform/regulate complex functions. Spatial arrangement of organs into organ systems part of overall body plan |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main compartments of body fluids |
|
Definition
| intracellular and extracellular fluids |
|
|
Term
| Where is Intracellular fluid located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Extracellular fluid located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular and extracellular fluid can be very different in ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define circulatory systems |
|
Definition
| Fluid transport systems designed for bulk transport within an animal’s body. |
|
|
Term
| Describe closed circulatory systems |
|
Definition
| Fluid (blood) pumped within vessel system (Plasma – fluid portion of blood. Blood cells suspended in plasma. Interstitial fluid – fluid between cells outside vessels) |
|
|
Term
| Describe open circulatory systems |
|
Definition
| Fluid (hemolymph) pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid. Typically no blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animals that eat only plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animals that consume animal flesh or fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animals that eat both plant and animal material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any substance consumed by an animal that is needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction |
|
|
Term
| What happens once nutrients are eaten |
|
Definition
| Nutrients must be taken/absorbed into the body. Nutrients may need to be digested. Nutrient Absorption – small molecules are often transported from area of digestion to animal’s circulatory system. Nutrients may be used to make ATP. • |
|
|
Term
| ATP energy can be used for |
|
Definition
| Transport work, Mechanical work, or Chemical work |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients may be used as: |
|
Definition
| Nutrients may be used as chemical building blocks (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides), or as cofactors/coenzymes (vitamin an mineral nutrients) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 categories of organic food molecules that animals often require for complete nutrition |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, and Vitamins |
|
|
Term
| What are inorganic nutrients needed by animals called and give some examples |
|
Definition
| Minerals Ex, Phosphate, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Iron, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Define essential nutrients |
|
Definition
| Certain compounds that cannot be synthesized from any ingested or stored precursor molecule |
|
|
Term
| What are the four groups of essential nutrients |
|
Definition
| Essential amino acids, Essential fatty acids, Essential Minerals, and Essential Vitamins |
|
|
Term
| Describe essential amino acids |
|
Definition
Cannot be synthesized by animal’s cells
Are not stored. 8 required by animals |
|
|
Term
| What 8 amino acids are required by animals |
|
Definition
| Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine |
|
|
Term
| How can essential amino acids be obtained |
|
Definition
| Carnivores and omnivores readily obtain all essential amino acids in meat. Most plant food sources do not contain every essential amino acid in sufficient quantity to fully supply an animal’s nutritional needs. |
|
|
Term
| What are Essential Fatty Acids needed for |
|
Definition
| Needed for building fats, phospholipids, steroid hormones. Certain polyunsaturated fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by animal cells. Production of certain hormones requires intake of plant-derived fatty acids. (Thromboxanes, Prostaglandins (blood clotting, inflammatory responses)). |
|
|
Term
| Where are essential fatty acids found |
|
Definition
| Unsaturated fatty acids found primarily in plants. Strict carnivores obtain them from animal prey items |
|
|
Term
| What are essential Minerals |
|
Definition
| Essential Minerals are Inorganic ions |
|
|
Term
| Describe mineral micronutrients |
|
Definition
| Essential mineralsrequired in only trace amounts. Less than 1-2 mg/day in humans. Often needed as required cofactors for protein structure/function |
|
|
Term
| Define mineral macronutrients |
|
Definition
| Essential minerals required in larger amounts. More than 10mg/day in humans |
|
|
Term
| What are macronutrients needed for |
|
Definition
| energy metabolism, body structure (bones), membrane transport, and electrical impulses in the nervous system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium (800mg), Phosphorus (800mg), Magnesium (350mg), Sodium (500mg), Potassium (2-4g), Iron (10-20mg), and Zinc (15mg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cobalt (1mg), Copper (2mg), Iodine (0.15mg), Arsenic (?), Silicon (?), Selenium (?), Manganese, and Molybdenum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential organic micronutrients that serve as coenzymes. Fat-soluble vitamins– stored in adipose tissue. Water-soluble vitamins– not stored. Not all animals require the same vitamins. Only primates and guinea pigs can’t synthesize vitamin C. Scurvy – disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Vitamins serve as coenzymes (play essential functions in enzyme catalyzed reactions) |
|
|
Term
| Can fat-soluble vitamins be stored |
|
Definition
| Yes fat-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| Are water soluble vitamins stored |
|
Definition
| No, water-soluble vitamins are not stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scurvy is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Strategies for obtaining food |
|
Definition
-Trapping food that floats or swims using sticky surface or tentacles
–Suspension feeders filter organic material from the water. Molluscs and balleen whales
–Predators kill live prey
–Scavengers feed on the remains of dead animals
–Grazers – herbivores that feed constantly on grasses
• Some regurgitate and chew a second time to more effectively digest plant cell wall material
-Frugivores specialized to feed on fruit
–Fluid-feeders lick or suck fluid from plants or animals. ex. Mosquito, leech, hummingbird |
|
|
Term
| How do some organisms trap food that floats or swims |
|
Definition
| They trap food that floats or swims using sticky surface or tentacles |
|
|
Term
| How do suspension feeders obtain food and what are some examples |
|
Definition
| Suspension feeders filter organic material from the water. Molluscs and balleen whales |
|
|
Term
| How do predators obtain prey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do scavengers obtain food |
|
Definition
| Scavengers feed on the remains of dead animals |
|
|
Term
| How do grazers obtain food |
|
Definition
| Grazers are herbivores that feed constantly on grasses. Some regurgitate and chew a second time to more effectively digest plant cell wall material |
|
|
Term
| How do frugivores obtain food |
|
Definition
| Frugivores are specialized to feed on fruit |
|
|
Term
| How do fluid feeders obtain food and give some examples |
|
Definition
| Fluid-feeders lick or suck fluid from plants or animals. Examples Mosquito, leech, and hummingbird. |
|
|
Term
| Describe intracellular digestion |
|
Definition
| Only found in very simple invertebrate animals (sponges). Tiny bits of food are phagocytosed. Food molecules broken down by enzymes in intracellular compartments (lysosomes) |
|
|
Term
| Describe extracellular digestion |
|
Definition
| Digestion occurs in a body cavity, prior to being absorbed into the body and transported. Enzymes secreted from cells into body cavity. Allows larger food items to be taken in and utilized as nutritional sources. |
|
|
Term
| Describe gastrovascular cavities |
|
Definition
| A simple example of extracellular digestion. One opening is entry and exit. Epithelial lining of the cavity secretes digestive enzymes -Breaks down food into smaller particles or molecules. Partially digested food particles phagocytosed, molecules absorbed. Digestion of particles completed intracellularly |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of organisms with gastrovascular cavities |
|
Definition
Cnidarians (Hydra, Jellyfish, Anemones)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
|
|
Term
| Describe alimentary canals |
|
Definition
| Single elongated tube with entry and exit ends. Lined by epithelial cells, and has several specialized regions |
|
|
Term
| Describe the single elongated tube in an alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| Has entry and exit ends. Muscular action propels food in one direction through the system |
|
|
Term
| What do the epithelial cells which line alimentary canals do |
|
Definition
| Synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes. Secrete hormones. Serve in absorption of digested material |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of several specialized regions in an alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| Different environments specialized for different processes. Digestion of different food components (proteins, fats, carbohydrates). Absorbtion of nutrients, water.-(allows for more complete and efficient digestion, absorption) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dentition (teeth) and tongue. Aids in breaking food into smaller pieces, and swallowing. Initiate digestion of polysaccharides with salivary amylase enzyme |
|
|
Term
| Describe the purpose of saliva in the oral cavity |
|
Definition
| Its released by salivary glands. It moistens and lubricates food to facilitate swallowing. Dissolves food particles to facilitate taste and increase accessibility to digestive enzymes. Lysozyme enzyme in saliva kills ingested bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Pharaynx and Esophagus |
|
Definition
Pharynx regulates movement of food into the esophagus. Esophagus transmits food from pharynx to stomach. Serves as pathway only (no digestive functions)
–In other animal groups -Crop for storage and softening (not digestion) - Found in birds and many invertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stomach is a saclike organ for storing food and digestive function. It denatures and partially digests proteins. Cells in gastric glands (“gastric pits”) secrete, Hydrochloric acid and Pepsinogen. No lipid or carbohydrate digestion. |
|
|
Term
| Describe hydrochloric acid in the stomach |
|
Definition
| Hydrochloric acid – secreted by parietal cells in walls of pits; kills microbes, dissolves particulate matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pepsinogen – secreted by chief cells in walls of pits; inactive form converted to pepsin to begin protein digestion |
|
|
Term
| Digestive processes and churning reduces food to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach muscles, _________regulate rate of emptying into small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe ruminat herbivore stomachs |
|
Definition
| Herbivores must digest cellulose but lack cellulase enzyme. Rely on microbes (that make cellulase enzyme) to digest cellulose into monosaccharides. So they have a complex stomachs with several chambers. Cud occasionally regurgitated, re-chewed and re-swallowed |
|
|
Term
| Ruminants have complex stomachs – several chambers what are these |
|
Definition
| The Forestomach and the Abomasum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Forestomach – 3 lower esophageal pouches, the Rumen and reticulum and the Omasum |
|
|
Term
| What do the Rumen and reticulum do |
|
Definition
| Rumen and reticulum – contain cellulose digesting microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Omasum – absorbs some of the water and salts from food
– Cud occasionally regurgitated, re-chewed and re-swallowed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Of a ruminant stomach Abomasum – true stomach – eventually food, microbes and by-products of microbial digestion enter this structure. Contains acid and proteolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the small intestine |
|
Definition
| Digestion of food, and absorption of food and water occur mostly in the first (uppermost) quarter. Digestive enzymes found on inner (lumenal) surface of the small intestine or secreted by pancreas into lumen. Products of digestion absorbed across epithelial cells that line the inner surface of the small intestine, and enter circulation. Vitamins, mineral and water also absorbed |
|
|
Term
| Small intestine specialized for increased surface area, list two features that provide this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In small intestine Mucosa (internal surface epithelium) is folded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finger-like projections on mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Capillarries – nutrients other than fat absorbed into blood
Lacteal (lymphatic vessel) – allows for larger fat particles to enter, eventually dumped into blood
–Epithelial cells covered with microvilli creating brush border
» Increases surface area 600-fold
» Increases likelihood of encountering digestive enzyme and being absorbed |
|
|
Term
| Relative length of small intestine varies in different species. Describe the herbivore small intestine |
|
Definition
| Herbivores – much longer intestines than carnivores. Added time for digesting plant material. Larger cecum houses cellulose-digesting microbes |
|
|
Term
| Small Intestine secretes enzymes involved in the final stages of ____________ |
|
Definition
| protein and carbohydrate digestion |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes are secreted int the small intestin |
|
Definition
Disaccharidases expressed as membrane proteins on the wall of the intestine.
Intestinal peptidases (dipeptidase, enteropeptidase) secreted into lumen and on lumenal surface. |
|
|
Term
| What are some accessory Organs of the Digestive System |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the purpose of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ion rich fluid, released into small intestine.-Protein Digesting Enzymes -Carbohydrate Digesting Enzymes -Fat Digesting Enzymes -Bicarbonate neutralizes acidic stomach chyme as it enters small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Describe the purpose of the liver |
|
Definition
| site of bile production. Bile contains bicarbonate ions (neutralize acids), bile salts (emulsify fat) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of the large intestine |
|
Definition
Primary function to store and concentrate fecal matter and absorb some salt and water. Other Functions
• Lowering excess blood salts (calcium and iron); secreted from wall of large intestine into lumen
• Bacterial metabolism provides certain nutrients (vitamin K, biotin, folic acid) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| Ascending, transverse, and descending segments. Terminal portion of alimentary canal- Rectum and Anus |
|
|
Term
| What type of carbohydrates are ingested in most omnivores |
|
Definition
| In typical omnivore, most ingested carbohydrates are starch and cellulose with some monosaccharides and disaccharides |
|
|
Term
| Describe carbohydrate digestion and absorption |
|
Definition
Mouth -starch digestion by salivary amylase
Intestine -additional starch digestion by pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidases.
Monosaccharides transported across intestinal epithelium into the blood, by Secondary Active Transport and Facilitated Diffusion |
|
|
