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Covenant Bio 112 (Exam 2)
Dr. Nelson
100
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/25/2012

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Term
Turgor Pressure:
Definition
hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells 
Term
Osmosis:
Definition
is the net movement of solvent molecules through a partially permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration
Term
Plasmolyzed cell:
Definition
has lost so much water that turgor pressure is lost
Term
flaccid cell
Definition
is a cell that is between trugidity and plazmolyzed cells
Term
Transmembrane transport:
Definition

export of material from one cell into inercellular space, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell 

movement of auxin

Term
symplastic tranport:
Definition
movement of a substance from the cytotol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via plasmodesmata
Term
Plasmadesmata:
Definition
microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells
Term
Apoplastic transport:
Definition

movement of solutes through cell wall material, spaces between cells

short distance transport

moves soil water and dissolved minerals non-selectively through root epidermal and cortex tissues

Term
Apoplast:
Definition
continuim of water-soaked cell walls and intercellular spaces
Term
Casparian Strips:
Definition
prevent apoplastic transport into root vascular tissues
Term
Endodermal Plasma Membranes:
Definition
possess specific channels and transporters for essential mineral nutrients
Term
Root endodermis:
Definition
functions as molecular filter that allows the passage of beneficial solutes that have entered from the symplast
Term
Xylem loading
Definition
large amount of water enter the long-distance conducting cells of the xylem, carrying solutes along
Term
Bulk or mass flow:
Definition
mass movement of liquid casued by pressure, tension, gravity, capillary action, or a combination of these
Term
Xylem
Definition

contain several types of specialized cells

 

Term
xylem parenchyma cells:
Definition
are alive, nit directly involved in long-distance tranport
Term
Trachied:
Definition
  • specialized warer-conducting cells and are always dead and empty of cytosol
  • long and narrow with slanted end walls
  • lignin-containing
Term
Pits
Definition
non-lignified holes allow water to flow from one trachied to another
Term
Vessel elements:
Definition

are aligned in pipeline-like fled known as vessels

gived greater capacity for bulk flow

warer flows faster through vessels than trachieds

Term
Cohesion-tension theory:
Definition
plants expend little or no energy on bulk flow through xylem
Term
adhesion
Definition
water sticks to lignified walls of xylem vessels
Term
why is water cohesive?
Definition
it is due to string hydrogen bonding
Term

Stomatal movements

 

Definition

movements that occur to close or open stomata

  • guard cells close to conserve water
  • Blue light stimulates active guard cell uptake, water flows in, cell expands and stomata opens
Term
Leaf abscission:
Definition

leaf drop

occurs normally to prevent water stress during temperature or light changes

valuable for desert plants and angiosperm trees of seasonally cold habitats

Term
Phloem:
Definition

mature phloem remains alive

works under positive hudrostatic pressure

composed of supporting fibers, parenchyma cells, seive tube elements, and adjacent companion cells

Term
sieve tube elements:
Definition
loses its nucleus and most of the cytoplasm ot reduce obstruction to bulk flow
Term
companion cells
Definition
supplies mRNA and proteins to sieve tube element via plasmodesmota
Term
Symplastic phloem loading:
Definition

transport sucrose from sugar producing cells of the leaf, to campanion cells and then to sieve-tube elements via plasmodesmota

does not require ATP

Term
Apoplastic/transmembrane transport phloem loading:
Definition

load sugar into sieve-tueb elements or companion cells fro intercellular spaces, often up a concentration gradient by active transport

ATP is used

Term
Sugar source in phloem transport:
Definition
tissues that are producing and releasing sugar
Term
sugar sink in phloem transport:
Definition
tissue that is actively taking up and storing sugar
Term
translocation:
Definition
bulk transport from source to sink tissue
Term
Pressure-flow hypothesis:
Definition
Ernst Munch, German plant physiologist, 1930
Sieve-tube elements near source tissues have comparatively high solute contents due to movement of sugars from source.
Water tends to rush into them from adjacent xylem, thereby building hydrostatic (turgor) pressure
Vessel elements near “sink” tissues (tissues that absorb and store up sugars from photosynthesis)  have lower solute concentration(solute pressure becomes less negative)
Hydrostatic pressure (positive) overcomes reduced solute pressure, and water moves into adjacent xylem
Term
alternation of generations:
Definition

2 multicellular life cycle stages 

diploid spore producing

and haploid gamete producing

Term
reproductive shoot:
Definition
a stem branch thsat produces reproductive organs rather that leaves
Term
sepals:
Definition
often function to protect unopened flower bud
Term
petals:
Definition
petals usually serve in attraction of pollinators
Term
stamens 
Definition
produce male gametophyte and foster their early development
Term
Pistil - (composed of single or multiple fused carpels):
Definition
produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophytes and mature male gametophytes
Term
Stamens:
Definition
filament topped by anther
Term
anther:
Definition
is a group of 4 microsporangia
Term
pollen grain:
Definition

male gametophyte with a tough outer wall, with two cells enclosed. THese two cells are the result of a microspore that have been mitotically divided into a tube cell and a generative cell. 

resistant to chemical degeneration

Term
Tube cell:
Definition
will perform pollen tube
Term
generative cell:
Definition
divides to produce 2 sperm cells 
Term
carpels:
Definition

vase-shaped structures that produce, enclose, and nurture female gametophyte to mature male gametophytes

contains veins of vascular tissue that deliver nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the developing gametophytes

one or more carpels form pistils

 

Term
ovary:
Definition
produce and nourish one or more ovule
Term
ovule:
Definition

spore producing structure enclosed in integument

within ovule, diploid cell produces 4 megaspores by meiosis

Term
female gametophyte 
Definition
in some cases have 7 cells and 8 nuclei
Term

Fertilization (development of the mature male gametophyte)

 

Definition

pollen grains land in stigma, stigma allows only appropriate genotype to germinate

pollen tube grows through microphyle and deliver sperm to female gametophyte 

results in double fertilization 

Term
Fertilization (pollen germination):
Definition

pollen grain germinates by taking up water and producing a pollen tube

pollen gernative nucleus usually divides by mitosis to rpoduce 2 sperm cells

upon rehydration a pollen tube extends into spaces between cells and endosperm 

to deliver sperm to egg cells the tube must grow from the stigma, through the style, to the ovule

Term
delivery of sperm to egg cells:
Definition

a pollen tube conveys 2 sperm cells to the female gametophyte 

tip growth controlled by tube cell nucleus

new cytoplasm and cell wall material added to tip of elongating cell

cellulose plugs concentration components of the cytoplasm at the tip 

tubes enter through microscopic of the ovule

Term
endosperm:
Definition

develops as a nutritive tissue, usually triploid chromosome number

supplies nutritional needs for developing embryo and often seedling

 

Term
What is the endosperm rich in?
Definition
rich in protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals
Term
Where do the nutrient in the endosperm come from?
Definition
from parent sporophyte by apoplastic transport
Term
embryo
Definition
a young multicellular, diploid sporophyte with a tough seed coat produced by sporophyte integuments
Term
embryogenesis:
Definition
the development of single celled zygotes by mitosis
Term
similarities in animals:
Definition
  • materials exchange with their surroundings
  • obtain energy from organic nutrients (heterotrophs)
  • synthesize complex molecules
  • duplicate themselves
  • detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment
Term
 young eudicot embyros:
Definition
sperical but become heart shaped as cotyledons
Term
mature monocot embryos:
Definition
cylindrical with a single cotyledon and a side notch where apical meristem forms
Term
Distinctions between plants and animals:
Definition
  1. no cell wall
  2. no photosynthesis
  3. rapid, coordinated movements used in pursuit of food, or avoidance of predators
Term
4 type of animal cells:
Definition
  1. muscle tissue
  2. nerve cell
  3. epithelial
  4. connective
Term
Tissues
Definition
specialized cell of a specific type organized together to perform a specific union
Term
Muscle tissue: 3 types (in higher animals)
Definition
  1. skeletal 
  2. smooth 
  3. cardiac
Term
skeletal muscles:
Definition
attatched to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for populsion of contents, involuntary control
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
only in the heart, involuntary control
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition

initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another

electrical signals produced by nerve cells

Term
3 functions of the electrical impulses produced by nerve cell:
Definition
  1. stimulate new electrical signals in adjacent neurons
  2. stimulate muscles to contract
  3. stimulate glands to release chemicals
Term
Epithelial tissue:
Definition

sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or individual organs and line the body cavities

specialized to protect, provide selective pereability, secrete or absorb materials

rest on basal lamina or basement membrane

Term
6 types of epithelial tissue:
Definition
  1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  2. stratified squamous
  3. simple squamous
  4. simple columnar
  5. stratified columnar
  6. simple cuboidal
Term
connective tissues 
Definition
include blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loos and dense connective tissue 
Term
connective tissue function:
Definition
  • provides scaffold for attatchment
  • protects and cushions 
  • mechanical strength
  • transmit mechanical forces
Term
organs
Definition
composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues, organized together to provide coordinated function/functions
Term
organ system
Definition
different organs work together to perform/regulate complex functions 
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition
inside cells
Term
extracelullar fluid
Definition
outside cells
Term
circualtory systems:
Definition
fluid trasnport systems designed for bulk transport within an animal's body 
Term
closed circulatory systems:
Definition
fluid pumped within vessel system
Term
plasma
Definition

fluid portion of the blood

blood cells suspended in plasma

Term
interstitial fluid:
Definition
fluid between cells outside vessels
Term
open circulatory system:
Definition

fluid pumped but no distinction between pumped fluid and interstitial fluid 

typically no blood cells

Term
Herbivores
Definition
eat only plants
Term
carnivores
Definition
eat only animal flesh or fluids
Term
omnivores
Definition
eat both plant and animal material
Term
Nutrients
Definition
any substance consumed by an animal that is needed form survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction
Term
Nutrient absorption:
Definition
small molecules are often transported from area of digestion to animals circulatory system
Term
ATP energy can be used for:
Definition
  • transport work
  • mechanical work
  • chemical work
Term
animals often require organic nutrients:
Definition
  • carbs
  • proteins
  • lipids (fats)
  • nucleic acids
  • vitamins
Term
inorganic nutrient required by animals:
Definition
  • phophate
  • potassium
  • sodium
  • calcium
  • iron
  • etc
Term
essential nutrient
Definition

certain compunds that cannot be synthesized 

 

Term
4 groups of essential nutrients
Definition
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
  • minerals
  • vitamins
Term
essential amino acids:
Definition

cannot be synthesized or stored by animals 

easily obtained by carnivores and omnivores

herbivores have more difficulty

Term
the 8 essential amino acids are:
Definition
  • isoleucine
  • leucine
  • lysine
  • methionine
  • phenylalanine
  • threonine
  • tryptophan
  • valine
Term
essential fatty acids
Definition

needed for building fats, phospholipds, steroid hormones

found primarily in plants

carnivores obtain them from animal prey itmes

Term
plant-derived fatty acids:
Definition
  • Thromboxanes
  • Prostaglandins
Term
essential minerals
Definition

inorgainc ions

 

Term
mineral micronutrients (required in only trace amounts):
Definition

less than 1-2 mg/day in humans 

often needed as required for cofactors for proteins stucture and function

Term
mineral macronutrients (required in larger amounts):
Definition

more than 10mg/day in humans

 

Term
mineral macronutrients needed for:
Definition
  • energy metabolism
  • body structure 
  • membrane transport
  • electrical impusles in the nervous system
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