Term
| Two types of Divine Revelation |
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Definition
| General Revelation and Special Revelation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
literal 24 hour days; 6 of them.
young earth
most straight forward reading |
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Term
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Definition
"Yom" as age rather than 24 hour days.
scientific evidence of an old earth.
different reading of Genesis.
days are not 24 hour periods |
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Term
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Definition
Gods work days.
not identical to our work days.
days are not of known length, may overlap.
logical rather then chronological breakdown. |
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Term
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Definition
similar to analogical.
creation week is a metaphor.
poetic vehicle to describe what God did.
length of days are unspecified.
order and timing is unimportant |
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Term
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Definition
shows distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms.
simpler organisms in deeper strata and more complex in higher strata |
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Term
| definitions of biological evolution |
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Definition
1. a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations
2. from a genetic perspective, involves changes in allele frequencies over time
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Term
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Definition
| when biological evolution is viewed on a smaller scale relating to genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time |
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Term
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Definition
biological evolution view on a larger scale.
relating to formation of new species or groups of species |
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Term
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Definition
| group of related organisms that share a distinctive form and function |
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Term
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Definition
- British naturalist
- developed a heor of evolution adn publihed it in 1859, entitled it "The Origin of Species" |
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Term
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Definition
- essentialism
- variations of the ideal form
- evolution would not hsve occured in a world of perfecly adapted creatures |
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Term
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Definition
| "ladder of life", no room for change |
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Term
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Definition
- creator's plan could be understood by studying nature
- adaptations of organisms were evidence that creatures were designed for a particular purpose
- classification allowed on appreciation of the hierarchial ateps on the ladder |
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Definition
- father of taxonomy
- classifications were not atmepts to establish evolutionary relationships
- God creates and Linneaus arranges |
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Term
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Definition
- interpreted foddil strata as a record of life's history
- boundaries between strata correspond to time of catastophic events
- they cause mass extinctions
- changes in species from ine stratum to another; reflected immigration |
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Term
| James Hutton and Charles Lyell |
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Definition
- profound geological change due to slow continuous processes that continue to operate the world
- canyons forming by slow erosion, suggested old earth |
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Term
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Definition
- drive toward complexity
- developed early evolutionary model
- adaptive changes are heritable and passed on; organisms have the ability to adapt adn change in response to their environment
- continuous line of descent from simple ancient organisms to more complex modern organisms
- organs and structures not used deteriorate, ones that aid are strengthened |
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Term
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Definition
- Anglican minister and "doomsday" economist
- suggested that unchecked population growth would lead to famine, disease and struggle for existence |
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Term
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Definition
| many traits are transmitted from parents to offspring |
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Term
| descent with modification |
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Definition
- 2 seperated populations of a species could diverge as each adapted to local conditions
- or if environmental conditions change dramatically, pecies' characteristics could cahnge over time
- over many generations. divergence could become pronounced enough to generate new species |
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Term
| Darwin's Conceptual Framework |
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Definition
observation 1: if all individuals survive to reproduce to the extent they are capable of, populations would tend to grow exponentially
observation 2: environmental resources are often limited
observation 3: variation in many observable traits abounds in populations of organisms
observation 4: much of thi variation is heritble |
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Term
| what has genetics allowed us to understnad? |
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Definition
| the relationship between traits and heritablilty |
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Term
| key features of Modern Synthesis |
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Definition
- natural variation exists that is caused by random changes in the genetic material
- genetic changes may be advantageou, disadvantgeous or neutral
- if genetic change promotes an individual's survival and/or ability to reproduce, natural selection may increase the prevalence of that trait in future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| much of what we know about the histroy of life comes from the study of fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| _____forms in lower strata and ______ forms in higher strata |
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Term
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Definition
| fossils show that many changes ___ ___; gradual changes are relatively ____. |
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Definition
| _____forms are usually abscent in fossil form. |
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Term
| physical, biological environment |
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Definition
| rapid rates of evolution have been suggested to occur when changes in the _____ or _______ _____ create conditions that favor new traits |
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Term
| appear infrequently, organisms from lower strata |
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Definition
| Truly novel features of an organism ____ _____. Most changes in fossil organisms involve alterations of structes that already exist in ______________. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the geographical distributions of extinct and modern species |
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Term
| sepration of popultaions,selection conditions |
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Definition
| Geological change may foster______ set up distinct ________ ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar chracteristics, occupy similar environments |
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Term
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Definition
| s similarity in structure if 2 distinct species that contributed to a common ancestor that had that structure |
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Term
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Definition
- ancestral relationship
- homologous sructures in difernt species that are proposed to be derived from common ancestor
- vestigial structures are anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent current function, but resemble functional structures of presumed ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
| species that differ as adults often bear significant similarities during embyonic stages |
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Term
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Definition
| - similarities in cells at the molecular level sugges to some that living species evoled from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors |
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Term
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Definition
- homologous genes are 2 genes derived from same ancestral gene
- many reveak possible molecular details of evolutionary change
- 2 sequences may be similar overall due to the same ancestral gene but not identical due to the independent accumulation of mutations over time
- the loner the time since the common ancestor the greater the divergence |
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Term
| morphological species concept |
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Definition
- species are identified by having a unique combination of physical triats
- can be applied to all organisms |
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Term
| biological species concept |
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Definition
| - a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species |
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Term
| evolutionary/ phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| - a species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic relationship between an individual or group of individuals and its ancestors |
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Term
| ecological species concept |
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Definition
- each species occupies a unique ecological niche
- unique set of habitat resources, as well as, its influece in the environment and other species
- within their own niche, members of a given soecies compete with one another for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent formation of zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| block development of viable, fertile individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| geographic barrier prevents contact |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduce at different times of the day or the year |
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors important in mate choice |
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Term
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Definition
| size or imcompatible gentialia prevents mating |
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Term
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Definition
| gametes fail to unite successfully, important in species that release gametes into water and air |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages |
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Term
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Definition
| interspecies hybrid viable but sterile |
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Term
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Definition
| hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
- proposed to be the most common source of evolution, cladogenesis
- occurs when some members of a species become geographically seperated and then diverge |
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Term
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Definition
- occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species
- can involve abrupt genetic change that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid spore- producing phase |
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Term
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Definition
- haploid
- microscopic in flowering plants
- produce gametes by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
- diploid
- large independent, recognizable "plant"
- produces spores by meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| are produced by mature flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed seeds and function in seed dispersal |
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Term
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Definition
| plants tht die after producing seeds during the first year of life |
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Term
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Definition
| do not produce during the first year but may during the secnd year |
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Term
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Definition
| live for more than 2 years, often produing seed every year |
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Term
| 4 processes of growth and development |
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Definition
| cell division, cell growth, cell specialization, and cell apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| apical meristems, primary meristems and secondary meristems |
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Term
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Definition
rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branches
- produce shoot system |
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Term
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Definition
| rapidly dividing cells at root and root branches |
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Term
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Definition
| produce specialized cell types that produce new tissues adn organs |
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Term
| 3 ypes of primary meristem |
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Definition
| protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces vascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
surround the established stem of a plant and cause is to grow laterally
- cork cambium adn vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
- within plant meristems
- remain undifferentiated but can produce new cells capable of differentiating into specialized tissues |
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Term
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Definition
- involves producing new cells
- cell expansion |
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Term
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Definition
- main photosynthetic systems
- site of gas exchange: susceptable to water loss, drying out |
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Term
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Definition
- only one blade
- advantageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption |
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Term
| complex or compound leaves |
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Definition
- dissected into leaflets
- common in hot environment for heat dissipation |
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Term
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Definition
- help avoid desiccation
- help filter UV radiation
- help reduce microbe and animal attack |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate stomatal opening and closing |
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Term
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Definition
| offer protection from excessive light, UV radiaiton, extreme air temp, or attack by herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
- support for the plant body
- carries nutrients throughout the plant
- defense system to protect against predators and infection
- hold leaves up
- may function in storage and photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment for leaves and branches |
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Term
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Definition
contain meristomatic tissue
- areas of growth |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from primary meristem (procambium) |
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Term
| secondary vascular tissue |
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Definition
| derived from secondary meristem (vascular cambium) |
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Term
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Definition
non-woody plants
- produce mostly primary vascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| produce primary and secondary vasuclar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
primarily responsible for transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant body
- located toward the center of the stem |
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Term
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Definition
- responsible for transport of organic nutrients from leaves or roots to other areas of the plant
- flow can occur in both directions depending on time of year |
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Term
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Definition
- composed of tracheids adn vessel elements
- conduct water and dissolved minerals |
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Term
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Definition
- composed of sieve elements, changes but does not die
- companion cell; aids in sieve element function
- supportive fiber |
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Term
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Definition
vascular bundles are scatered throughout
- no vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue arranged as a cylinder |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma cells inside the ring |
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Term
| secondary stem vascular tissue |
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Definition
| - produced by vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts most of a woody plant's water and minerals |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| above ground creeping stem |
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Definition
| underground modified stems that store food |
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Term
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Definition
epidermis of mature root encloses region of ground parenchyma
- root cortex often rich in starch
- primary vascular system includes xylem inclosed by phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| cells extend by water uptake |
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Term
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Definition
root cell differentiation and tissue specialization
- identified by presence of root hair abscent from older regions |
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Term
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Definition
| originate from stem, support plant |
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Definition
| broad supporting structures in shallowly rooted trees |
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Term
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Definition
| upward directed appendage, allows for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| plant signal transduction |
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Definition
process in which a cell perceives a signal, switching on a intracellular pathway that leads to cellular responses
- shares many features with signal transduction in animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins become activated when they receive a type of signal |
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Term
| messengers or second messengers |
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Definition
transmit messages to effector molecules
- calcium ions are a common one |
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Term
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Definition
directly influene cellular response
- involve activation or repression of gene expression
- finishes when effector causes cellular response |
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Term
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Definition
master plant hormone
- influence plant structure, development, and behavior in many ways |
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Term
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Definition
| help plants respond to environmetnal stresses |
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Definition
| growth in response to the force of gravity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they respond to light absorption by switching on signal transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| flower in spring or early summer, when the night period is shorter |
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Term
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Definition
| flower only when the night length is longer than a defined period such as in late summer, fall, or winter, when days are shorter |
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Term
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Definition
| flower regardless of the night length, as long as day length meets the minimal requirements for plant growth |
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Term
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Definition
| red adn far-red-light receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| beneficial substance metabolized by or incorporated into an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| substances needed by plants in order to complete their reproductive cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| required in amounts of at least 1g/kg of plant dry matter |
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Term
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Definition
| required in amounts at or less than 0.1g/kg |
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Definition
| the most common form most fixed nitrogen that enters plants |
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