Term
| 6 day interpretation of Genesis |
|
Definition
Most often associated with a young earth (4,000-5,000 years)
Most straightforward reading of Genesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Yom" as age rather than 24-hour day
Scientific evidence of old earth suggests different reading of Genesis text
While the sequence of events is as laid out in Genesis, the days are not 24-hour |
|
|
Term
| Analogical interpretation |
|
Definition
Days are God's work days, not identical to ours (only analogous)
Days are not of known length and may overlap or represent a logical rather than chronological breakdown of God's creative work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Similar to analogical day view
Creation week as a metaphor (poetic vehicle to communicate historical creation activities)
Length of actual days is unspecified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations; involves changes in allele frequencies over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time (smaller scale) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of new species or groups of species (larger scale) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of related organisms that share a distinct form/function. Among species that reproduce sexually, members are capable of interbreeding to produce viable and fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, occupy the same environment (examples: giant anteater and echidna both have long snouts and tongues to feet on ants, aerial rootlets for clinging in English ivy and wintercreeper) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common structures in two species that are attributed to the existence of a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structures in different species that are proposed to be derived from a common ancestor (ex: same set of bones in the limbs of modern vertebrates proposed to have undergone evolutionary change to be used for many different purposes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent current function (but resemble functional structures of presumed ancestors) (examples: ear wiggling muscles, tail bone, appendix in humans; pelvic bones in some snakes and whales) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Species that differ as adults often bear significant similarities during embryonic stages (ex: presence of bronchial arches in human/fish embryos) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarities in cells at the molecular level suggest to some that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors (ex: all living species use DNA to store information, certain biochemical pathways are found in all or nearly all species) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two genes derived from the same ancestral gene; may reveal possible molecular details of evolutionary change |
|
|
Term
| Morphological species concept |
|
Definition
| Species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits |
|
|
Term
| Biological species concept |
|
Definition
| A species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species; defined by reproductive isolation in natural environments |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary/Phylogenetic species concept |
|
Definition
| A species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic relationship between an individual or group of individuals and its ancestors |
|
|
Term
| Ecological species concept |
|
Definition
| Each species occupies a unique ecological niche (unique set of habitat resources that a species requires, as well as its influence on the environment and other species); within their own niche, members of a given species compete for survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevent formation of zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Block development of viable, fertile individuals |
|
|
Term
| Types of prezygotic barriers |
|
Definition
| Habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Geographic barrier prevents contact between individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproduce at different times of the day or year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors important to mate choice (ex: changes in song) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Size or incompatible genitalia prevent mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gametes fail to unite successfully (important in species that release gametes into air or water) |
|
|
Term
| Types of postzygotic barriers |
|
Definition
| Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interspecies hybrid viable but sterile (ex: mule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed to be the most common source of evolution/cladogenesis; occurs when some members of a species become geographically isolated and then diverge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species; can involve abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Results from cross fertilization between two species; a hybrid is produced that is most often sterile but can reproduce asexually, may restore sexual reproduction through subsequent chromosome duplication (to produce two chromosomes of each type) |
|
|
Term
| Alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| Sequence in the life cycle of plants in which a haploid, gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid, spore-producing phase; the spores of the latter re-initiate the haploid phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants that do not reproduce the first year but may the following year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants that live for more than two years, often producing seed every year after maturity |
|
|
Term
| Four essential processes in growth and development of plants |
|
Definition
| Cell division, growth, cell specialization, apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| Shoot apical meristem (SAM) |
|
Definition
| Rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branches; produces shoot system (stems, branches, leaves, and other organ systems) |
|
|
Term
| Root apical meristem (RAM) |
|
Definition
| Rapidly dividing cells at root tips; produces root system (roots and root branches) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary meristematic tissue that generates epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues (primary xylem and phloem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary meristematic tissue that produces ground tissues (cortex, pith) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (vascular cambium, cork cambium) |
|
|
Term
| Key features of meristems |
|
Definition
| Plant meristems contain stem cells that remain undifferentiated but can produce new cells capable of differentiating into specialized tissues. Plant stem cell divides to produce one cell that remains unspecialized and another cell that is capable of differentiating into various types of specialized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps avoid desiccation, filters UV radiation, and reduces microbe and animal attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulate stomatal opening and closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Offer protection from excessive light, ultraviolet radiation, extreme air temperature, or attack by herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily responsible for transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily responsible for the transport of organic nutrients (dissolved sugars) from leaves or roots to other areas of the plant (flow can occur in both directions, depending on time of year) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aboveground creeping stems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Underground modified stems that store food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Originate from stem, support the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broad supporting structures in shallowly rooted trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upward directed appendage, allows for gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Master plant hormone; influences plant structure, development, and behavior; apical-basal polarity of plant body, important in the development of vascular tissues, alters pattern of growth and development in response to environment |
|
|
Term
| Auxin transport in plant body |
|
Definition
| Produced primarily in apical shoot tips and young leaves, directionally transported, may enter cells by diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Help plants to respond to environmental stresses such as flooding, drought, high salinity, cold, heat, and attack by microorganisms and herbivores. (examples: abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, systemin, jasmonic acid, nitric acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth in response to the force of gravity
(Shoots are said to be negatively, most roots are said to be positively) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances needed by plants in order to complete their reproductive cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Required in amounts of at least 1g/kg of dry plant matter (in large amounts) (examples: nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur) |
|
|
Term
| Micronutrients/trace elements |
|
Definition
| Required in amounts at or less than 0.1g/kg per day (in small amounts) (examples: chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, sodium, copper, molybdenum, and nickel) |
|
|
Term
| Plant adaptations that allow for increased nutrient supply |
|
Definition
| Highly branched roots (surface area=rate of uptake), more or longer root hairs, fungal symbiotic associations, bacterial symbiotic associations, capture of animals by carnivorous plants, parasitic associations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells (cell walls restrict the extent to which the cells can swell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shameful interactions (ad hominem attacks) with those of differing positions; abandoning attempts to reconcile special and general revelation; jumping to shallow, poorly considered decisions |
|
|
Term
| What we should pursue tenaciously |
|
Definition
| Humility-must humbly realize the fallen-ness of our faculties in terms of interpreting both general and special revelation and our ability to knit these together |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for the age of the earth |
|
Definition
| Sedimentary rock strata, radiometric dating of fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radioactive isotope of carbon; ration of C12 to C14 can suggest age of specimen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deposited in volcanic rock layers; ratio of potassium 40 to argon 40 can give approximate age of specimen |
|
|
Term
| Limits of radiometric dating techniques |
|
Definition
| Often require assumptions about initial amounts and constant radioactive decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4.5 bya; fossil evidence of prokaryotic organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3.8 bya; photosynthetic bacteria, first eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2.5 bya; multicellular eukaryotes, bilateral organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 543 mya; most body forms occur in fossil record (Cambrien explosion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1707-1778) Father of taxonomy; classifications were not attempts to establish evolutionary relationships, rather "Deus creativ, Linneaus disposuit" (God creates, Linneaus arranges) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1769-1832) Interpreted fossil strata as a record of life's history, speculated that boundaries between fossil strata corresponded to the time of catastrophic events; catastrophic events caused mass extinctions, changes in species from one stratum to the next reflected the immigration of species from other areas (catastrophism) |
|
|
Term
| James Hutton and CHarles Lyell |
|
Definition
| (1726-1832) and (1797-1895) Profound geological change due to slow, continuous processes that continue to operate in the world. Canyons form by slow erosion, fossil bearing strata slowly accumulate over time (suggested old earth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species (extinct fossil and modern species distributions) |
|
|
Term
| Difficulty in identifying a "species" |
|
Definition
| A single species may exist in two distinct populations that may be thought to be in the slow process of evolving into two or more distinct species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consequence of genetic changes as diverging species adapt to their new environments, preventing exchange of genetic material |
|
|
Term
| What type of plants make up the most diverse plant division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General functions/characteristics of leaves |
|
Definition
| Main photosynthetic systems, site of gas exchange (susceptible to drying/water loss) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only one blade, advantageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eudicot leaves have pinnate or palmate venation (netted veins with branching patterns provide more support to the leaf)
Monocot leaves have parallel venation |
|
|
Term
| General functions/characteristics of stems |
|
Definition
| Support for the plant body; carries nutrients throughout plant (in vascular tissues); defense system to protect against predators and infection; few millimeters to 100 meters in length; produces leaves, branches, and flowers; hold leaves up; may function in storage and photosynthesis; contain nodes (attachment for leaves and branches) |
|
|
Term
| Herbaceous vs. woody vascular tissue |
|
Definition
| Herbaceous (non-woody) plants produce mostly primary vascular tissues; woody plants produce primary and secondary vascular tissue (begin as herbaceous seedling with only primary vascular systems) |
|
|
Term
| Arrangement of vasculature |
|
Definition
Monocot-vascular bundles are scattered throughout, general herbaceous, no vascular cambium
Dicot-vascular tissue arranged as a cylinder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epidermis of mature roots encloses region of ground parenchyma (root cortex); root cortex cells often rich in starch (food storage site); primary vascular system includes xylem enclosed by phloem); pericycle encloses vascular tissue (produces lateral/branch roots); woody roots produce primary vascular tissues followed by secondary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Root cells extend by water uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Root cell differentiation and tissue specification, identified by presence of root hairs (water and mineral uptake) absent from older regions |
|
|
Term
| External environmental stimuli |
|
Definition
| Light, atmospheric gases (CO2 and water vapor), temperature, touch, wind, gravity, water, rocks, and soil (physical); Herbivores, pathogens, organic chemicals from neighboring plants, and beneficial or harmful soil organisms (biological); Agricultural chemicals including hormones (humans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electrical signals-action potentials particularly important in rapid plant movements; Chemical signals-hormones control plant cell, tissue, and organ development and allow plants to respond to environmental stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves receptors/sensors (proteins that become activated when they receive a specific type of signal), messengers/second messengers (transmit messages from many types of activated sensors to effector molecules-calcium ions common), and effectors (molecules that directly influence cellular responses, often involve activation or repression of gene expression, signal transduction ends when an effector causes a cellular response) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Promote cell division in plant shoots and roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Influence various developmental processes including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, and leaf and fruit maturation and senescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates or regulates the ripening of fruit, the opening of flowers, and the abscission (or shedding) of leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1744-1829) Developed an evolutionary model (1809): Organisms have the tendency to adapt and change in response to environment; a continuous line of descent from simple ancient organisms to more complex organisms; organs or structures not used deteriorate, organs or structures that aid in survival are retained and strengthened; adaptive changes in organisms are heritable (passed on to offspring) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Anglican minister and "doomsday" economist who suggested that unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and a ceaseless struggle for existence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many traits are transmitted from parents to offspring, processes designed to modify traits in domestic species (selected characteristics chosen by breeders) |
|
|
Term
| Broad patterns in the fossil record |
|
Definition
| Simpler forms in lower strata, more complex in upper strata; fossils show that many changes suddenly appear, gradual changes are rare (punctuated equilibrium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occur infrequently; most changes in fossil organisms involve alterations of structures that already exist in organisms from lower strata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suggested to be a transitional form between fish and tetrapods; provides links between earlier and later forms. Had broad skull, flexible neck, eyes on the top, primitive wrist, and five fingers |
|
|
