Term
|
Definition
| a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations. Involves changes in allele frequencies over time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viewed on a smaller scale, relating to genetic or phenotypic changes w/i a population over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viewed on a larger scale relating to formation of new species or groups of species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of related organisms that share a distinctive form and function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| James Hutton and Charles Lyell |
|
Definition
| said profound geological change is due to SLOW, CONTINUOUS processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a drive toward complexity
organisms have tendency to adapt and change in response to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said population growth= decrease in resources= struggle for existence |
|
|
Term
| Evidence in support of evolutionary theory |
|
Definition
the fossil record
biogeography
convergent evolution |
|
|
Term
| patterns in fossil record |
|
Definition
similar forms in lower strata, more complex forms in upper strata
many changes appear SUDDENLY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 different species from diff theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, occupy similar environments |
|
|
Term
| examples of convergent evolution |
|
Definition
giant anteater and echidna both have long snouts and tongues
overall body form of dolphins and fish
aerial rootlets for clinging in english ivy and wintercreeper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity in structure in 2 DIFFERENT species, attributed to common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anatomical
developmental
molecular
genetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ex: same set of bones in the limbs of modern vertebrates proposed to have undergone evolutionary change to be used for many different purposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent current function (but resemble functional structures of presumed ancestors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species that differ as adults that often bear significant similarities during embryonic stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarities in biochemical characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous genes- 2 genes derived from same ancestral gene |
|
|
Term
| morphological species concept |
|
Definition
| species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits |
|
|
Term
| biological species concept |
|
Definition
a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to INTERBREED with one another in nature to produce VIABLE, fertile offspring.
defined by REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION |
|
|
Term
| evolutionary/phylogenetic species concept |
|
Definition
| a species is derived from a SINGLE LINEAGE that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate |
|
|
Term
| ecological species concept |
|
Definition
| each species occupies a unique ecological niche |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevent formation of zygote (1st cell after fertilization)
habitat isolation
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
block development of viable, fertile offspring
hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility
hybrid breakdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when some members of a species become GEOGRAPHICALLY SEPARATED, and then diverge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into 2 or more diff species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis, self fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from cross fertilization b/t 2 species. A hybrid is produced that is often sterile |
|
|
Term
| alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| sequence in a life cycle in which a HAPLOID, gamete- producing phase (produced by MITOSIS) is followed by a DIPLOID, spore-producing phase (produced by MEIOSIS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microscopic in flowering plants
produce gametes by MITOSIS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large in flowering plants
large, independent, recognizable "plant"
produce spores by MEIOSIS |
|
|
Term
seed-to-seed lifetime:
annuals |
|
Definition
| plants that die after producing seeds during 1st year of life |
|
|
Term
seed to seed lifetime:
biennials |
|
Definition
| do not produce 1st year, but 2nd |
|
|
Term
seed to seed lifetime:
perennials |
|
Definition
| live 2+ years, producing seed every year after maturity |
|
|
Term
| 4 essential processes in plant growth and development |
|
Definition
cell division
cell growth
cell special specialization
cell apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unspecialized cell; can divide to produce cells that can differentiate into diff cell types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shoot apical meristem (SAM)
- at shoot tips and branches
root apical meristem (RAM)
- at root tips |
|
|
Term
| primary meristems: 3 types |
|
Definition
protoderm- generates EPIDERMIS
procambium- produces VASCULAR tissues
ground meristem- produces GROUND tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surround the established setem of a plant and cause it to grow LATERALLY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 blade
advantageous in shade by providing max light absorption |
|
|
Term
| complex or compound leaves |
|
Definition
| dissected into leaflets. common in hot environments for heat dissipation |
|
|
Term
| leaf venation: eudicot vs. monocot |
|
Definition
eudicot- pinnate or palmate venation
monocot- parallel venation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
derived from PRIMARY MERISTEM
(PROCAMBIUM) |
|
|
Term
| secondary vascular tissue |
|
Definition
derived from SECONDARY MERISTEM
(VASCULAR CAMBIUM) |
|
|
Term
| herbacious vs. woody vascular tissue |
|
Definition
herbaceous (non- woody) plants produce mostly PRIMARY vascular tissue
woody plants produce PRIMARY AND SECONDARY vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for transport of water and dissolved minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for transport of organic nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arises from PROCAMBIUM as stem/root grows |
|
|
Term
| secondary vascular tissue |
|
Definition
| produced by VASCULAR CAMBIUM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| above ground, creeping stems |
|
|
Term
| modified stems: tubers and bulbs |
|
Definition
tubers- potatoes
bulbs- onions, irises, tulips
underground modified stems that store food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originate from stem, support the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad supporting structures in shallowly rooted trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upward directed appendage, allows for gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "master" plant hormone: influence plant structure, development, and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth in response to the force of gravity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results of photoreceptors and photoperiodism |
|
Definition
| sun tracking, phototropism, flowering, seed germination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cryptochromes help young seedlings determine if light environment is bright enough for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main blue light sensor in phototropism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flower in spring/ early summer, when night is shorter and day length longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flower only in long night length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flower regardless of night length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red and far- red light receoptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beneficial substance metabolized by/ incorporated into an organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances needed in order to complete reproduction cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at least 1 g/kg of plant dry matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide, water, mineral nutrients |
|
|
Term
| water is typically ___ % of living plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chlorine, Fe, Manganese, B, Zn, Na Cu, Nickel |
|
|
Term
| nitrogen _____ plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large amounts of nitrogen are required for synthesis of.... |
|
Definition
| amino acids, nucleotides, alkaloids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonia, ammonium ion, nitrate |
|
|
Term
| mycorhizzal (plant- fungus) associations |
|
Definition
| fungi obtain organic food from plant while fungi supplies water and mineral nutrients |
|
|
Term
| plant- prokaryote symbioses |
|
Definition
provide fixed nitrogen
plant provides organic nutrients to bacteria |
|
|
Term
| water content of plant cells depends on ______ and _______ |
|
Definition
| osmosis and turgor pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells |
|
|
Term
| types of divine revelation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should we pursue tenaciously? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earth created in 6 literal days; associated with YOUNG earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "yom" as age, rather than literal 24 hour day; OLD earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the days are God's work days, and they're analogous for our days, but we don't know his days
days not of known length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creation week is a METAPHOR |
|
|
Term
| evidence for age of earth |
|
Definition
sedimentary rock strata
radiometric dating
limits of radiometric dating techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decays into nitrogen 14
age = ratio of c12 to c14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposited into volcanic rock layers |
|
|
Term
| limits of radiometric dating techniques |
|
Definition
| often require assumption about initial amounts present in material of constant rate of decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolution would not occur in a world of perfectly adapted creatures |
|
|
Term
| aristotle's contribution to Darwin |
|
Definition
an ordered "ladder of life" w/ each rung occupied
no room for change |
|
|
Term
| darwin's philosophical context |
|
Definition
Greek ideas
-Plato
-Aristotle
natural theology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creator's plan could be understood by studying nature |
|
|
Term
| influences on darwin's thinking |
|
Definition
linneaus
cuvier and catastrophism
james hutton
lamarck and a drive toward complexity
thomas malthus
selective breeding |
|
|
