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Covenant Bio 112 Exam 1
Material from January 11- Feb 6
100
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/08/2012

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Term
Sedimentary Rock Strata 
Definition
Shows distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms. The simpler an organism the lower in the rock strata it appears. More complex organisms appear  higher in the strata.
Term
Sensory Transduction 
Definition
Incoming stimuli are converted into neural signals.  Either chemical or physical stimuli from an amimal's body or the external enviroment. 
Term
Perception 
Definition
Concious awareness of sensations. Not all sensations are conciously perceived by an organism. 
Term
Sensory Receptor
Definition
Recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction. 
Term
Nociceptors 
Definition
Pain receptors. Respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure as well as other molecules such as acids. 
Term
Chemoreceptors 
Definition
Respond to cold or heat. Respond to specific chemicals. Infrared, ultraviolet receptors and magnetic fields. 
Term
Mechanoreceptors 
Definition
Transduce mechanical energy 
Term
Electromagnetic receptors 
Definition
Detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. 
Term
Nucleus- in a vertebrate nervous system 
Definition
A cluster of neuron cell bodies that serve in a common function in the central nervous system (CNS) 
Term
Retinula
Definition
 Cells in the visual detection organ of arthropods with compound eyes. 
Term
Lateral line system in fish    
Definition
Cupula
Term

4 of the creation day views  

 

Definition

 -6 day-

 Associated with young earth, earth viewed as 4-5000 years old

-Day Age-

"Yom" as age rather than literal 24 hour day, days are not 24 hours. Old earth viewpoint. 

-Analogical Day-

Days are God's workdays and not our own. Days not not known in length, may overlap. 

-Framework-

Creation week is a metaphor to communicate historical creation activities. Timing of events is unimportant 

 

Term
Carbon 14 
Definition
Radioactive version of carbon. Decays into nitrogen and happens at a certain rate. 
Term
Potassium 40 
Definition
Deposited in volcanic rock layers. Used for dating. 
Term

Hadean Eon 

 

Definition

4.5 Billion years ago 

Fossil evidence of prokaryotes-bacteria  

Term
Archaean Eon 
Definition

3.8 Billion years ago

Photosynthetic bacteria. 1st Eukaryotic cells 

Term
Proterozoic Eon 
Definition

2.5 Billion years ago

Multicellular Eukaryotes organisms. Bilateral eukaryotes-head, tail, belly, and back organization. 

Term
Phanerozoic 
Definition

553 Million years ago 

All body types found today now appear. 

cambrian explosion-plants, animals, insects are found suddenly 

Term
Biological evolution 
Definition

Heritable change in characteristics of a species in many generations. 

Change in allele frequencies 

Macro and microevolution 

 

Term

Linneaus 

(1707-1778) 

Definition

Father of taxonomy

Classification into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. This was an attempt to establish evolutionary relationships.    

Term

Cuvier 

(1769-1832) 

Definition

Catastropsim 

Interpreted fossil strata as a record of life history 

Speculated that boundaries between fossil strata corresponds to the time of historical catastrophic events. Cause mass extinction. 

Term

James Hutton 

(1726-1797) 

Definition

Geological change due to slow, continuous processes that operate in the world. 

Canyons form by slow erosion and fossil bearing strata accumulates over time. 

Suggests old earth

Term

Lamarck

(1744-1829)

Definition

A drive towards complexity- an intrinsic guide 

Developed an early evolutionary model 

A continuous line of descent from simple to complex organisms 

Term
Beagle 
Definition

Darwin took his voyage on this ship in 1831-1836

South America was a main focus 

Term

The Modern Synthesis 

 

Definition

Darwin's theory preceded Mendel's genetics work; no conception of mechanism of inheritance 

Genetics has allowed us to understand the realtionships between traits and heritability 

Natual variation exists that is caused by random changes in genetic material 

Genetic changes can be advantageous, disadvantageous or neutral.

Natural selection  

Term

The fossil record

 

Definition
Much of what we know about the history of life on earth comes from the study of fossils 
Term
Convergent Evolution 
Definition
Two different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics; occupy similar enviroments. 
Term
Homology 
Definition
Similarity in structures of two animal species attributed to a common ancestor 
Term
Anatomical homology 
Definition

Adult mature organisms.

Vestigal structures are anatomical structures that have a highly reduced or no apparent function 

Term
Developement Homology 
Definition
Species that differ as adults but bear similarities during embryotic stages
Term
Molecular Homology
Definition
Biochemical characteristics of cells 
Term

Genetic Homology 

 

Definition

Two genes derived from the same ancestrial gene-may reveal molecular details of evolutionary change

 

Term

Morphological Species Concept

 

Definition

Species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits

 

Term
Biological Species Concept 
Definition
A species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce vialble, fertile offspring but cannot interbreed with memberss of other species 
Term
Reproduction isolation in natural enviroments
Definition
Biological species concept 
Term
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic Species Concept 
Definition
A species is derived from a single lineage that has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical traits 
Term
Lineage
Definition

Genetic relationship between an individual or a group of individuals and its ancestors. 

Hard to examine the lineages

Term
Ecological Species Concept
Definition

Each species occupies a unique ecological niche with certain functions and needs. 

 

Term

Compete for survival. 

An overlap 

Definition
Ecological Species Concept 
Term
Speciation 
Definition
Formation of another species 
Term
Presygotic barriers 
Definition
Prevent formation of zygote
Term
Postsygotic barriers
Definition
Block development of viable, fertile individuals 
Term
Habbitat Isolation
Definition

Prezygotic barrier

Geographic barrier prevents contact 

Term
Temporal isolation
Definition

Prezygotic barrier

Reproduce at different times of the day or year. 

Term
Mechanical isolation
Definition

Prezygotic isolation

Size or incomparable genitalia prevents mating 

Term
Gametic isolation 
Definition

Prezygotic barrier

Gametes fail to unite successfully 

Molecular recognition 

Important for species that release the gametes into the air or water

Term
Post-zygotic barriers
Definition
Block development of viable, fertile individuals
Term
Hybrid inviability 
Definition

Post-zygotic

Fertilized eggs cannot progress past embryonic stages 

Term
Hybrid sterility 
Definition

Post-zygotic 

Inter species hybrid viable, but sterile

Mules 

Term
Hybrid breakdown 
Definition

Post-zygotic barrier

Hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generation have genetic abnormalities 

Term
Allopatric Speciation 
Definition

The origin of species 

Most common source of evolution 

 

Term
Cladogenesis
Definition
Splitting of lineages 
Term
Occurs when members of a species become geographically separated and then diverge 
Definition
Allopatric speciation 
Term
Founder effect
Definition

Small population moves to a new location that is geographically separated

Genetic drift and natual selection leads to separation 

Term
Adaptive radiation 
Definition
Single species evolves into array of decendents that differ greatly in habitat and form or behavior
Term
Sympatric Speciation 
Definition
Occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitiat within the same range diverge into two or more different species 
Term
Abrupt genetic change that quickly leads to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals 
Definition
Sympatric Specialtion 
Term
Autopolyploidy 
Definition

Self fertilization in plants 

Non disjuction of chomosomes during meiosis 

Term
Alloployploidy
Definition

Cross fertilization between two species. 

 

Term
Xenopus laeus 
Definition
Proposed to be an allotetraploid species for genes of every type of organism 
Term
All plants exhibit ________ __ ________
Definition
 alteration of generations 
Term
Sequence in a life cycle in which a__1__ gamete producing phase is followed by a ___2__ spore-producing phase; the spores reinitiate the ____3___ phase through the process of ___4___
Definition

1.haploid

2.diploid

3.haploid

4.meiosis 

Term
Gametophyte 
Definition

Haploid

Microscopic in flowering plants

Produce gametes by mitosis

Term
Flower tissues protect male and female
Definition
Gametophytes 
Term
Seed to seed lifetime 
Definition

Annual 

Biennials 

Perennials 

Term
Annual 
Definition
Plants that die after producing seeds in their first year of life
Term
Biennials 
Definition
Plants that do not reproduce the first year but may the second
Term
Perennials 
Definition

Plants that live for more than two years.

Produce seeds almost every year

Term
Four essential processes for growth and development 
Definition

        1. Cell division 

2. Cell growth 

   3. Cell specialization

4. Apoptosis-Cell death 

Term
Growth by _________ of cells in controlled directions, by water uptake 
Definition
Expansion
Term
 Rapidly dividing cells at shoot, tips and branches
Definition

 Shoot apical meristem 

(SAM)

Term

Rapidly dividing cells at root tips 

 

Definition

Root apical meristem 

(RAM)

Term
Three types of primary meristems 
Definition

      1. Protoderm 

2. Procanbium

3. Ground meristem 

Term
Proterderm
Definition
Generates epidermis with unspecialized cells 
Term
Procambium 
Definition

Produces vascular tissues 

Xylem and phloem 

Term
Ground Meristem 
Definition

Produces gound tissues 

Cortex and Pith 

Term
Secondary meristems
Definition

Causes the stem to grow laterally 

 

Term
Cork cambium 
Definition

Lays down the outter cork such as the bark 

Dead cells

Term
Stem cells divides to produce one cell that stay _____ and one cell that _______ in to various ______cells 
Definition
unspecialized, differentiates, specialized 
Term
Simple leaves 
Definition

Only one blade

Maximal light adsorption 

Term
Complex leaves
Definition
Leaflets help in hot environments because of easy heat dissipation 
Term
Eudicot 
Definition

Leaves that have pinnate venation

Netted veins with branching patterns that provides support

Term
Monocot
Definition
Leaves that have parallel veins
Term
The cuticle helps do three things 
Definition

1. Prevent the moisture from leaving

2. Filter UV light

3.Reduce microbial and animal attack 


Term
_______ protect from extensive light, animal attack, and radiation damage 
Definition
Trichomes 
Term
Herbacious vascular system produces 
Definition
Primary vascular tissues 
Term
Woody vascular tissues produce 
Definition
primary and secondary vascular tissue 
Term
Internal stimuli 
Definition

Electrical signals that alter potentials

Important in rapid plant movements 

Venus fly trap 

Chemical signals such as hormones that control plant cell, tissue and organ development

Term

External enviromental stimuli 

 

Definition
Light, atmospheric gases, temperature and touch 
Term
Xylem 
Definition

Transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plants

Located in the center of the stem 

Term
Phloem 
Definition

Transport of organic nutients from leaves or roots the rest of the plant

Flow occurs in both directions

Term
Sieve elements 
Definition
Living cells in the phloem 
Term
Rhizomes 
Definition
Underground stems
Term
Stolons 
Definition
Above ground creeping stem 
Term
Tubers
Definition
Underground modified stems that store food 
Term
Zone of elongation 
Definition
are the cells that extend by water uptake 
Term
Zone of maturation 
Definition
Root cell differentiation and tissue specialization identified by the presence of root hairs 
Term
Six plant hormones that synthesize metabolic pathways 
Definition

Auxin

Cytokinins 

Gibberellins 

Ethylene

Abscisic acid 

Brassinosteriods 

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