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Definition
Basic Philosophies
Human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and by early experiences. Unconscious motives and conflicts are central in present behavior. Irrational forces are strong; the person is driven by sexual and aggressive impulses. Early development is of critical importance because later personality problems have their roots in repressed childhood conflicts. |
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Basic Philosophies
Humans are motivated by social interest, by striving toward goals, by inferiority and superiority, and by dealing with the tasks of life. Emphasis is on the individual's positive capacities to live in society cooperatively. People have the capacity to interpret, influence and create events. Each person at an early age creates a unique style of life, which tends to remain relatively constant throughout life. |
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Basic Philosophies
the central focus is on the nature of the human condition, which includes a capacity for self-awareness, freedom of choice to decide one's fate, responsibility, anxiety, the search for meaning, being alone and being in relation with others, striving for authenticity, and facing living and dying. |
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Basic Philosophies
The view of humans is positive; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness. |
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Basic Philosophies
The person strives for wholeness and integration of thinking, feeling and behaving. some key concepts include contact with self and others, contact boundaries, and awareness. The view is nondeterministic in that the person is viewed as having the capacity to recognize how earlier influences are related to present difficulties. As an experiential approach, it is grounded in the here and now and emphasizes awareness, personal choice, and responsibility. |
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Basic Philosophies
___ is the product of learning. We are both the product and the producer of environment. No set of unifying assumptions about ____ can incorporate all the existing procedures in the ___ field. Traditional ___ therapy is based on classical and operant principles. Contemporary ___ therapy has branded out in many directions. |
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| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
Basic Philosophies
Individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances. Cognitions are the major determinant of how we feel and act. Therapy is primarily oriented toward cognition and behavior, and it stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and re-deciding. This is a psychoeducational model, which emphasizes therapy as a learning process, including acquiring and practicing new skills, learning new ways of thinking, and acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems. |
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Basic Philosophies
Based on choice theory, this approach assumes that we need quality relationships to be happy. Psychological problems are the result of our resisting the control by others or of our attempt to control others. Choice theory is an explanation of human nature and how to best achieve satisfying interpersonal relationships. |
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Basic Philosophies
Feminists criticize many traditional theories to the degree that they are based on gender-biased concepts, such as being androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic. The constructs of ___ therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist and life-span oriented. Gender and power are at the heart of feminist therapy. This is a systems approach that recognizes the cultural, social. and political factors that contribute to an individual's problems. |
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Basic Philosophies
Based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple truths, postmodern therapies reject the idea that reality is external and can be grasped. People create meaning in their lives through conversations with others. the postmodern approaches avoid pathologizing clients, take a dim view of diagnosis, avoid searching for underlying causes of problems, and place a heigh value on discovering client's strengths and resources. Rather than talking about problems, the focus of therapy is on creation solutions in the present and the future. |
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Basic Philosophies
The family is viewed from an interactive and systemic perspective. Clients are connected to alining system; a change in one part of the system will result in a change in other parts. the emily provides the context for understanding how individuals function in relationships to others and how they behave. Treatment deals with the family unit. An individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out to eh interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well. |
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Key Concepts
Normal personality development is based on successful resolution and integration of psychosexual stages of development. Faulty personality development is the result of inadequate resolution of some specific stage. Anxiety is a result of repression of a sic conflicts. Unconscious processes are centrally related to current behavior. |
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Definition
Key Concepts
Key concepts of this model include the unity of personality, the need to view people from their subjective perspective, and the importance of life goals that give direction to behavior. People are motivated by social interest and by findidf foals to give life meaning. Other key concepts are striving for significance and superiority, developing a unique lifestyle, and understanding the family constellation. Therapy is a better of providing encouragement and assisting clients in changing their cognitive perspectives of behavior. |
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Definition
Key Concepts
Essentially an experiential approach to counseling rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual. Sense of self develops from infancy. Interest is on the present and on what one is becoming. The approach has a future orientation and stresses self-awareness before action. |
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Key Concepts
the client has the potential to become aware of problems and the means to resolve them. Faith is placed in eh client's cavity for self-direction. Mental health is a congruence of ideal self and real self. Maladjustment is the result of discrepancy between what one wants to be and what one is. in therapy attention is given to the present moment and on experiencing and expressing feelings. |
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Key Concepts
Emphasis is on the "what" and "how" of experiencing in the here and now to help clients accept all aspects of themselves. Hey concepts include holism, figure-formation process, awareness, unfinished business, and avoidance, contact and energy. |
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Key Concepts
Focus is on overt behavior, precision in specifying goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes. Present behavior is given attention. Therapy is based on the principles of learning theory. Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and imitation. Abnormal behavior is the result of faulty learning. |
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| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
Key Concepts
although psychological problems may be rooted in childhood, they are reinforced by present ways of thinking. A person's belief system is the primary cause of disorders. Internal dialogue plays a central role in one's behavior. Clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconception and on replacing these with effective beliefs. |
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Definition
Key Concepts
The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them. people are mainly motivated to satisfy their needs, especially the need for significant relationships. the approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconscious and dwelling on one's past. |
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Definition
Key Concepts
Core principle that from the foundation for practice of ___ therapy are that he personal is political, a commitment to social change, women's voices and ways of knowing are valued and women's experiences are honored,, the counseling relationship is egalitarian, a focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress, and all types of oppression are recognized. |
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Definition
Key Concepts
Therapy tends to be brief and addresses the present and the further. The person is not the problem; the problem is the problem. The emphasis is on externalizing the problem and looking for exceptions to the problem. Therapy consists of a collaborative dialogue in which the therapist and the client co-create solutions. By identifying instances when the problem did not exist, clients can create new meanings for themselves and fashion a new life story. |
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Key Concepts
Focus is on communication patterns within a family, both verbal and nonverbal. PRoblems in relationship are likely to be passed on from generation to generation. Symptoms are views as ways of communicating with the aim of controlling other family members. key concepts vary depending on specific orientation but include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family-of-origin dynamics, functional verses dysfunctional interaction patterns, and dealing with here-an-now interactions. The present is more important than exploring past experience. |
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Blaming/criticizing
mind reading
making incomplete statements
making statements that imply that events are inalterable
Overgenaralizations |
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| Family Dysfunctional Communication Patterns |
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Acting
Thinking
Feeling
Physiological state |
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| components of total behavior (Reality Therapy) |
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Want
Doing (direction)
Evaluation
Plan |
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Survival
love
belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun |
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| Behavior is aimed at (Reality Therapy) |
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Goals of Therapy
To make the unconscious conscious. To reconstruct the basic personality . To assist clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts. To achieve intellectual and emotional awareness. |
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Goals of Therapy
To challenge clients' basic premises and life goals. To offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase social interest. To develop the client's sense of belonging. |
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Goals of Therapy
To help people see that they are free and to become aware of their possibilities. To challenge them to recognize that they are responsible for events that they formerly thought were happening to them. To identify factors that block freedom. |
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Definition
Goals of Therapy
To provide a safe climate conductive to client's self exploration, so that they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted. To enable them to move toward openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be a process, and increased spontaneity and aliveness. To find meaning in life and to experience life fully. To become more self-directed. |
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Goals of Therapy
To assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing and to expand the capacity to make choices. To foster integration of the self. |
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Goals of Therapy
To eliminate maladaptive behaviors and learn more effective behaviors. To identify factor that influence behavior and find out what can be done about problematic behavior. To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment foals and evaluating how well these goals are being met. |
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| Cognitive Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
Goals of Therapy
To challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate. To help clients seek out their faulty beliefs and minimize them. To become aware of automatic thoughts and to change them. |
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Definition
Goals of Therapy
To help people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs. To enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory. |
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Goals of Therapy
To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society. To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender-role socialization. To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis. |
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Definition
Goals of Therapy
To change the way clients view problems and what they can do about these concerns. To collaboratively establish specific, clear, concrete, realistic, and observable goals leading to increased positive change. to help clients create a self-identity grounded on competence and resourcefulness so they can resolve present and future concerns. To assist clients in viewing their lives in positive ways, rather than being problem saturated. |
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Goals of Therapy
To help family members gain awareness of patterns of relationships that are not working well and to create new ways of interacting. |
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Techniques of Therapy
They key techniques are interpretation, dream analysis, free association, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference, and understanding countertransference. Techniques are designed to help clients gain access to their unconscious conflicts, which leads to insight and eventual assimilation of new material by the ego. |
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Techniques of Therapy
___s pay more attention to the subjective experiences of clients than to using techniques. Some techniques include gathering life-history data (family constellation, early recollections, personal priorities), sharing interpretations with clients, offering encouragement, and assisting clients in searching for new possibilities. |
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Definition
Techniques of Therapy
few techniques flow from this approach because it stresses understanding first and technique second. The therapist can borrow techniques from other approaches and incorporate them in a/n ___ framework. Diagnosis, testing, and external measurements are not deemed important. Issues addressed are freedom and responsibility, isolation and relationships, meaning and meaninglessness, living and dying. |
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Techniques of Therapy
This approach uses few techniques but stresses the attitudes of the therapist and a "way of being." therapists strive for active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification, and "being there" for the client. This model does not include diagnostic testing, interpretation, taking a case history or questioning or probing for information. |
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Definition
| A wide range of experiments are designed to intensify experiencing and to ingrate conflicting feelings. Experiments are co-created by therapist and client through an I/Thou dialogue. Therapists have latitude to creatively invent their own experiments. Formal diagnosis and testing are not a required part of therapy. |
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Definition
Techniques of Therapy
The main techniques are reinforcement, shaping, modeling, systematic desensitization, relaxation methods, flooding, eye movement and desensitization reprocessing, cognitive restructuring, assertion and social skills training, self-managment programs, mindfulness and acceptance methods, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, and various multimodal therapy techniques. Diagnosis or assessment is done at the outset to detainee a treatment plan. Questions concentrate on "what," "how," and "when" (but not "why"). Contracts and homework assignment are also typically used. |
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| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| Therapists use a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques; diverse methods are tailored to suit individual clients. This is an active, directive, time-limited, present-centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy. Some techniques include engaging in Socratic dialogue, collaborative empiricism, debating irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments, gathering data on assumptions on has made, keeping a record of activities, forming alternative interpretations, learning new coping skills, changing one's language and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, confronting faulty beliefs, self-instructional training , and stress inoculation training. |
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