Term
| • Plato’s Allegory of the Cave |
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Definition
o Chained, restricted in your culture
o Certain things aren’t clear cut from your view(shadows)
o Human resilience to change is displayed when the man comes back and tells them about the shadows
o We are quick to blindly follow those who are displayed as prestigious |
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Term
| • Deep vs. Surface Culture o Deep: Individualism vs. collectivism |
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Definition
| Individual culture places value on individual, collective places value on success of group or community rather than the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| can be seen; food, dress, religion, institutions, holidays |
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Term
| •Cultural Relativism vs. Cultural Universality |
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Definition
o Universality: good helping is good helping, one method to apply to all cultures; minimal treatment or diagnostic modifications are needed
o Relativism: lifestyles, cultural values, and worldviews affect the expression and determination of deviant behavior |
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Term
| • Tripartite Development of Personal Identity |
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Definition
| o Universal level-all humans have things in common o Group level-racial group, ethnic, national, regional, class o Individual level-uniqueness, nonshared experiences |
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Term
| • Cultural Competence (Cross et al., 1989) |
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Definition
o Awareness and acceptance of differences o Self awareness
o Dynamics of differences(awareness of potential miscommunication, misinterpretation)
o Knowledge of client’s culture o Adaptation of skills |
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Term
| • Multicultural Counseling Competence |
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Definition
| Awareness, knowledge, skills |
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Term
| • Agency Cultural Competence |
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Definition
o Cultural destructiveness
So focused on a value system that they are rigid to other systems; affects employees and clients
o Cultural incapacity
Unintentional bias; orthodontist office example o Cultural blindness
Ignoring differences o Cultural pre-competence
Limited vision; some elements are incorporated o Basic cultural competence
5 basic skill areas o Cultural proficiency
Include advocacy |
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Term
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Definition
| satisfies a need for historical connection and security, embraces notions of group and self, influenced by the value society places on it |
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Term
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Definition
| acquired social meaning in which biological differences, via stereotypes, have become markers for status assignment within the social system(outward appearance) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Age and generational influences o Developmental disabilities o Disabilities acquired later in life o Religion and spiritual orientation o Ethnic and racial identity o Socioeconomic status o Sexual orientation o Indigenous heritage o National identity o Gender |
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Term
| • Cultural Responsiveness |
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Definition
| valuable skill for counseling minorities, discuss differences and resolve any issues considering culture |
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Term
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Definition
developmental process through which Whites can move to recognize and abandon their privilege; each status or stage is supported by a unique pattern of psychological defense and means of processing racial experience o First stage-contact status, begins with internalization of the majority culture’s view of people of color, as well as the advantages of privilege; race doesn’t make a difference
o Second stage-disintegration status; involves disorientation and anxiety provoked by unresolved racial moral dilemmas that force one to choose between own-group loyalty and humanism, growing awareness and discomfort with White privilege
o Third- reintegration status, an idealization of one’s racial group and a concurrent rejection for other group
o Fourth-pseudoindependence status-intellectualized commitment to one’s own socioracial group and deceptive tolerance of other groups; developed an acceptance of racial differences but hasn’t integrated it emotionally
o Final-autonomy status-involves informed positive socioracial group commitment, use of internal standards for self-definition, and capacity to relinquish the privileges of racism; peace with whiteness, separating it from a sense of privilege and is able to approach diverse without prejudice |
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Term
| • Rowe, Bennett, & Atkinson’s (1994) Types and Characteristics |
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Definition
o Unachieved-not as clear of an identity
Avoidant(ignore)
Dependent(adopt others’ positions)
Dissonant(lack commitment) o Achieved-solidified views
Dominative(classic bigotry)
Conflictive(oppose efforts for change); against it but not committed to take action
Integrative(open to change through goodwill and rationality)
Reactive(stand militantly against racism, advocacy) |
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Term
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Definition
| -prejudice and power; not only thoughts, but has an effect on people |
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Term
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Definition
| inflexibility of thoughts, believing that one race is better than another |
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Term
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Definition
o Frustration-aggression displacement theory:
Can’t get what you want leads to frustration leads to aggression leads to blaming anger on a vulnerable target
o Authoritarian personality
Rises in families, personality that wants power; responding to authority’s command
o Economic and political
Cheap labor needed, so hire immigrants o Enhancement of self esteem
Empathize with people like “us”, makes a distinction between us and them o Belief systems
Makes us feel threatened o Rankism
Power gets into people’s heads; push people down to keep their power o Contact theory
Prejudices may be created because we have few interactions with other cultures and races |
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Term
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Definition
o Individual-personal views of our race compared to another; easier to change than institutional because you are working with only one person
o Institutional-cultural beliefs that favor one group or another, sewn into protocols; can decrease access to resources
o Cultural-ethnocentrism; ex) Christmas break, Easter, personal traits related to cultural values, language, dress, beauty, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| - being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group |
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Term
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Definition
| o Significantly more poverty in black and Hispanic races o More poverty in single black or Hispanic mothers |
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Term
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Definition
| -36% of individuals in poverty are children |
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Term
| • Racial classification, identification, and evaluation |
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Definition
| o Classification-accurately applying racial labels to diverse racial groups o Identification-ability to apply racial labels accurately to parents and self o Evaluation-assigning positive evaluation to one’s own racial group |
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Term
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Definition
| existence of a stable sense of who a person is; formed by successful integration of various experiences of the self into a coherent self image |
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Term
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Definition
| part of a personal identity that contributes to one’s self image as an ethnic group member; negative, positive, or ambivalent |
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Term
| • Racial Identity Development (Cross’s Model) |
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Definition
o Pre-encounter: devaluing of ethnic identity, desire to assimilate into majority society, low self-esteem and poor mental health
o Encounter: event occurs that cultivates awareness, reinterpretation of the world occurs, worldview shift
o Immersion-emersion: withdrawal from dominant culture and immersion in ethnic things, not positive view of their ethnicity yet, anger; emersion- more pride and less anger
o Internalization: less rigid view of ethnicity, increased sense of internal security as conflicts between new and old identities become integrated
o Internalization-commitment: growing and maturing of the tendencies initiated in the internalization stage; commitment toward social change, civil rights, expressed in words and actions; not just for oneself or group, but for all humanity |
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Term
| • Ethnic Minority Development Model |
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Definition
| (Conformity through Synergetic) |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which we become a member of a cultural group; how culture is passed down, the pursuit of reducing uncertainty(how to act in certain circumstance, normal and abnormal behaviors) |
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Term
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Definition
| taking on the cultural ways of another group, usually one of mainstream culture |
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Term
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Definition
| - coming together of two distinct cultures to create a new and unique third cultural form |
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Term
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Definition
o Uni-dimensional view: when one moves toward dominant cultural patterns, one must simultaneously give up traditional ways
o Bi/multi-dimensional: it is possible to live and function effectively in 2+ cultures o Assessment of material gained/lost through acculturation |
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Term
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Definition
• Superficial level-Forgetting what the state bird is
• Intermediate level-gaining or losing more central aspects and behaviors of a person’s social world; language preference and use
• Significant level-core values, beliefs and norms that are essential to ones identity
• Acculturative Stress o Externally-current economic conditions will set the stage for whether race and social class experiences will be sources of greater or lesser stress |
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Term
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Definition
| individual temperament, problem-solving skills, a sense of internal control, and self-esteem reduce the likelihood that an event or situation |
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Term
| o Five factors that influence the effect of migration on families |
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Definition
| Reason for migration, availability of community and external family, structure of family, similarity or differences of the new culture, and family’s ability to be adaptive and flexible |
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Term
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Definition
| o Structural assimilation-gaining entry into the institutions of a society, integration o Marital assimilation-implies large scale intermarriage with majority group members |
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Term
| o Identificational assimilation- |
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Definition
| involves developing a sense of belonging and peoplehood with the host society |
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Term
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Definition
o 4 major symptom groups:
Hyperarousal-self-preservation goes on permanent alert
Intrusion-relive the event
Constriction and numbing-psychic deadening from reality
Disconnection-shattering of self, attachment to others |
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Term
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Definition
| •the characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its beliefs and aspirations; guide social |
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Term
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Definition
| study of learning, how we learn; US values intellectual while others may value intuition side of things |
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Term
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Definition
| reasoning process that groups adhere to |
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Term
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Definition
| nature of reality; beyond senses or just what you feel, touch taste; can also be a combination of two ideas |
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