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Counseling 2
theory and practice of counseling
84
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/24/2014

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Term
Progressive muscle relaxation
Definition
technique by systematically contracting (tensing) and relaxing sets of muscles
-attend to feeling of tension
Term
in vivo exposure
Definition
putting client in real-life anxiety provoking situation
Term
imaginal exposure
Definition
client asked to imagine feared images/situations
Term
aversive conditioning
Definition
associating unpleasant state w/ unwanted behav (smoking, antabuse)
Term
Issues with aversive conditioning
Definition
-potential for poor tx adherence
-aversive conditioning isnt always generalizable
Term
behavior is controlled by
Definition
consequences
Term
reinforcer
Definition
any stimulus that strengthens/increases rate, frequency, intensity of bx that it follows
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
increasing bx by presenting pos stim
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
increasing bx by stopping negative stim
Term
punishment
Definition
consequence that decreases rate, freq, intensity of bx that it follows
Term
disadvantages of punishment
Definition
-suppress undesirable bx (swearing)
-doesnt develop more desirable bx
-can make punished angry/fearful of punisher
-can lead to aggression
SO it doesn't teach people what to do, just what not to do.
Term
reinforcement and punishment are most effective when
Definition
immediate, consistent, and certain consequences
Term
behavior modification/contingency management
-2 examples
Definition
-reinforce desired behaviors
-withhold reinforcement for undesired behaviors or to punish them
ex) voucher reinforcement
token economy: earn token for exibiting desired bx and later exchange
Term
How do reinforcers affect motivation?
Definition
ruins intrinsic motivation (if everyone on team wins trophy). It ruins the reward of self-satisfaction and can be prevented by continuous reinforcement
Term
types of reinforcement
Definition
-extrinsic motivation: doing bx to receive rewards from others
-intrinsic: desire to perform bx well/frequently for own sake
Term
Principles of maintaining bx
Definition
-use as few rewards as possible (one M&M, not bag)
-fade reward over time
Term
Step by step bx management
Definition
1. ID problem bx, describe in detail
2. ID bx objective, increase or decrease bx
3. obtain baseline measurement of frequency of bx (duration/intensity of hand washing)
4. observe bx in natural environ and ID contingencies
5. modify consequences of bx
-ID when reinforcers are given, what's given, and who gives it
6. monitor results by charting frequency of bx
Term
Behavioral Theory applications
Definition
-assertiveness training (interpersonal anxiety); reinforce sharing opinion
-stimulus control: avoiding stimuli that elicit problematic bx and inserting stimuli that cue alternative, adaptive bx (hangin w/ druggies at a rock show)
-applied bx analysis (for non-verbal autism)
-behavioral activation-->ex) depression arises when ones actions dont result in positive reinforcement; so, increase pleasant events
Term
cognitive approaches developed by:
Definition
Aaron Beck
-1st manualized tx of depression
-lead author of BDI II and BAI
Term
what is cognitive therapy?
Definition
insight-focused therapy w/ emphasis on changing thoughts to adaptive, rational thoughts that will improve mood and eliminate maladaptive bx
Term
process of cognitive therapy
Definition
focus on specific automatic thoughts and their relationship to emotion and bx
Term
underlying premises of cog approaches
Definition
thoughts and feelings are distinct phenomena
-thoughts create feelings (and bx)
...I think, thus I feel
Term
Goal of cognitive therapy
Definition
change way clients think by using their automatic thoughts to reach core schemata/schemas and begin to introduce the idea of cognitive restructuring
Term
Therapeutic atmosphere of cognitive therapy
Definition
collaborative empiricism: client and therapist work to determine evidence about distorted cognitions and ways to modify
Term
roles in cog therapy
Definition
-counselor: initially expert who teaches; later advisory role as client conducts therapy and becomes his/her own counselor
client: student and collaborator who becomes expert on how CT applies
Term
order of thoughts and core beliefs
Definition
automatic thoughts
intermediate beliefs
core beliefs
schemas
Term
automatic thoughts
Definition
knee jerk reaction to distressing situations that run through persons mind
Term
intermediate beliefs
Definition
extreme/absolute rules that are more general and shape auto thoughts
Term
core beliefs
Definition
global and absolute; belief about ourselves; 2 generally unifying principles underlying most core beliefs: 1) autonomy: beliefs about being effective and productive vs helpless
2)sociotropy: beliefs about being lovable/unlovable
Term
schemas
What is therapy's aim?
Definition
cog frameworks in mind, organizing, and shaping thoughts, feelings, and bx
-developed in childhood
-may lie dormant until specific event
TO MODIFY SCHEMA not particular thought
Term
example of hierarchy of thoughts
Definition
auto: if my friend doesnt return call, doesnt like me
intermediate: good friends return calls
core: im worthless
schema: no one cares, no point in friends
Term
arbitrary inference
Definition
type of cog distortion in which belief is based on little evidence "jumpin to conclusions" -->cheating bc doesnt answer phone
Term
personalization
Definition
type of arbitrary inference thats esp common in relationships where external events are attributed to oneself
ex) no sex tonight= doesnt like me
Term
selective abstraction (disqualifying/discounting positive)
Definition
type of cog distortion in which focusing on 1 detail while ignoring context and other obvious details
Term
overgeneralization
Definition
cog distortion of generalizing 1 or 2 incidents to make broad sweeping judgments
ex) heavy metal = drugs
Term
magnification and minimization
Definition
cog distortion that is going to either extreme of overemphasizing (negative) or underemphasizing (positive) based on facts
ex) kid gets bad grade--> parents either deny problems for a month OR hire a tutor on the 1st day
Term
dichotomous thinking
Definition
cog distortion of always never, success/failure. Borderline patients
Term
mislabeling
Definition
cog distortion that is assigning a personality trait to someone based on handful of incidents, ignoring exceptions
Term
mind reading
Definition
cog distortion that is believing you know what other is thinking or will do w/ out supporting evidence
Ex) before spouse speaks, go into defensive mode and assume they're going to be offensive
Term
catasttrophizing
Definition
cog distortion of assuming worst will happen
Term
types of cognitive distortions
Definition
arbitrary inference
selective abstraction
overgeneralization
magnification and minimization
dichotomous thinking
mislabeling
catastrophizing
Term
stages of therapeutic intervention
Definition
1. make clients aware of their thinking errors (via socratic method..distancing)
2. have clients test their thinking errors empirically and logically: whats evidence, what's another way of looking at it?
3. Have clients substitute rational response for irrational thoughts/thinking errors
4. Get feedback to determine if new cognitions are accurate
Term
distancing
Definition
teaching client to deal w/ upsetting thoughts objectively, re-evaluating them instead of automatically accepting them
Term
cognitive restructuring
Definition
changes client cognition structures - modification/elimination of schemas, core beliefs, auto thoughts
--reframing! like the orange vs blue frame--
Term
socratic method and guided discovery
Definition
use of open-minded ?'s to encourage clients to ? their beliefs w/ expectation that clients will discover for themselves that their beliefs are: illogical and/or dysfunctional
-guided discovery: pt discovers answers guided by therapist
Term
thought records
Definition
be aware of practical use
ex) use apps and stuff to record events and keep a schedule
Term
1. dysfunctional schemas
2. content specificity hypothesis
Definition
CSH: certain pathologies are associated w/ certain thinking errors and subsequent bx's
-some dysfunction schemas are associated with personality d/o's
Term
negative cognitive triad
Definition
negative thoughts about the self<-->negative thoughts about world<--> negative thoughts about future<-->
Term
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Definition
ABC-Model (creating problem)
-activate event-->belief about event --> emotion/bx consequence
DEF model (resolving problem)
-disputing belief --> effects --> new feeling
-greater benefit for axis I
-our emotions stem from beliefs, evals, reactions, situations
-our thoughts about situation, not situation itself are source of bx probs
Term
CB approaches
Definition
Multimodal therapy
rational emotive behavior therapy
stress innoculation therapy
reality therapy
mindfulness-based approaches
Term
2 kinds of beliefs
Definition
rational: generally state acceptance/preference
irrational: generally state a commanding demand (defeating)
-perfection, justice for me, effortless perfection
Term
REBT's ABC model, How are problems created?
Definition
client reports A causes C. In reality, A doesn't cause C. Perception of A, which would be B beliefs, is what causes C
-therapist helps client ID B belief that client doesn't see
Term
REBT's DEF model, How problems are resolved
Definition
target "hot" beliefs which tend to be more emotionally charged and cause more probs for clients
-therapist evaluate only client's beliefs and bx's (never client themself)
-work against irrational thoughts
***this strong confrontational style may overwhelm and deter pts ***
Term
Stress inoculation training goals
Definition
-Michenbaum
To change negative self-talk
increase confidence in using one's coping repertoire
Term
Stress inoculation training phases
Definition
1. education: providing info on neg self-talk and how it creates stress
2. training: rehearsing and practicing skills that apply to client's situation
3. practice: applying skills in real world situations
--by increasing positive self-talk in phases of stress, we prepare for stressor, confront and handle stressor, cope with overwhelming feeling, reinforce self-statements after stress
Term
Mindfulness-Based approaches
Definition
Dialectical behavior therapy
acceptance and commitment therapy
Term
mindfulness
Definition
paying att'n in particular way on purpose, in present, nonjudgmentally
vs. mindlessness (multitasking)
Term
What was DBT originally designed for?
Definition
tx of borderline personality d/o's. Evolved into tx for pts. with emotion dysregulation & THIN EMOTIONAL SKIN
Term
dialectics
Definition
reconciliation of opposites in continual process of synthesis
ex) "Yes..and" not "no...but"
-fundamental dialectical tension between CHANGE and ACCEPTANCE
-accept life as is and seek to solve problems
Term
goals of DBT
Definition
increase ability to tolerate emotional experience
decrease emotional dysregulation
increase interpersonal effectiveness
Term
chain and solution analysis of DBT
Definition
description of chain of events leading up to, during, and following maladaptive bx
-ID precipitating event
-filling in links
-ID consequences
Solution analysis: therapist generate alternative behavioral responses and develop tx plan toward changing targeted bx probs
Term
HOW DOES DBT differ from CBT?!
Definition
-focus on acceptance and validation of bx's in the moment
-emphasis on treating therapy-interfering bx's
ex) late, not doing hw
-emphasis on therapeutic relationship as essential to tx
-focus on dialectical process
Term
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
Definition
Hayes
-effective for several anxiety d/o's depression, pain, drug abuse, trichotillomania
-indiv and groups
Term
theoretical foundation of ACT
Definition
relational frame theory
-cognitive defusion: descendant of cog distancing; perceiving thoughts as only thoughts
Term
Aim & focus of ACT
Definition
create meaningful life while accepting pain w/ it
-acceptance of cognitions as they come and not changing thoughts
Term
ACT view of pain and suffering
Definition
pain and suffering are part of who we are and we shouldnt try to escape it
Term
experiential avoidance
Definition
deliberate efforts to avoid and escape from private events (emotions, thoughts, mems)which are experienced as aversive
-negative reinforcement-->taking away anxiety by checking door, but more likely for OCD bx to occur
-ACT encourages contact with previously avoided events
Term
Goals of ACT
Definition
-diminish role of literal thought (cog diffusion/deliteralization); so words are just sounds
-encourage client to contact psych experiences directly w/ out needless defense while simultaneously living one's VALUES
Term
Acronym for ACT
Definition
A: accept and embrace diff thoughts and feelings w/ out avoidance
C: Choose and commit to life direction that reflects who client truly is
T: take action steps towards this life direction
ex) admit you have thoughts about OCD tendencies, but they don't need to influence how you're feeling
Term
ACT metaphors for intervention
Definition
man in hole: shovels good for getting in not out
chinese handcuffs: accept fears face to face
feeding tiger: more you feed it, more aggressive it gets
fish hook: get other person off before self
tug of war: if let go of struggle, you stop fighting it
-tombstone tecnique
-leaves on stream
Term
Contributions of ACT
Definition
-effective for several d/o's w/ strong research support
-may appeal to diverse client pops bc: focuses on objectivity, has problem solving orientation, it's action oriented, there's a commitment to teach coping strategies, it's brief, there's an emphasis on present, applicable to range of clients, and favored by 3rd party payers
Term
Criticisms of ACT
Definition
less emphasis on relational factors in client-therapist relationship
-less value on past experiences
for BEHAVIOR therapy: heavy focus on bx change may detract from clients experience of emotions; lack of emphasis on insight (focus on signs and symptoms instead of causes); potential for therapist to manipulate client using this approach
-for COGNITIVE therapy: therapist may impose ideas of what constitutes 'rational' thinking on a client
-for REBT: strong confrontational style may overwhelm clients
Term
focus of behavioral approaches
Definition
analyzing and intervening upon observable, measurable behavior
Term
how has behavioral therapy evolved?
Definition
Evolved in 3 ways:
1. original/pure, based on classical/operant conditioning, & social learning
2. integration of cog &behavioral
3. rise of mindfulness approached
Term
Describing overview of behavioral approach
Definition
-behavior is defined and includes overt actions & internal processes
-change can occur w/ out insight into origin of problems
-focus on the current problem!
-therapy is action-oriented & educational
Term
functional analysis
Definition
behavioral assessment of
specifying situations that set occasion for maladaptive bx (Antecedents), describing bx (Behavior), and detailing reinforcement contingencies that follow the bx (consequences)
Term
behavioral excesses
Definition
maladaptive bx that is too much of otherwise ok bx
ex) checking locked door, binge eating
Term
behavioral defecits
Definition
maladaptive bx that is lack of (good/appropriate) bx
ex) not brushing teeth
Term
behavioral inappropriateness
Definition
maladaptive bx that is inappropriate in particular situation
ex) laughing at funeral
Term
Counterconditioning
Definition
linking new, positive responses to previously aversive stimuli
Term
2 types of counterconditioning
Definition
reciprocal inhibition
exposure therapy
Term
reciprocal inhibition
Definition
pairing relaxation w/ anxiety-provoking stimulus/event
Term
exposure therapy
Definition
exposure to objects and situations client fears & avoids
Term
3 types of exposure therapy
Definition
-repeated exposure: decreases anxiety bc client habituates to feared object/situation
-flooding: intense prolonged exposure to anxiety -provoking stimulus
-systematic desensitization: associate pleasant relaxed state w/ gradually increased anxiety-triggering stimuli
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