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COUN 428
Psychological Assessments
155
Psychology
Graduate
12/07/2015

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Term
Specific learning disability
Definition
a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or do mathematical calculations
Term
Response to intervention model
Definition
 a multilevel prevention framework applied in educational settings that is designed to maximize student achievement through the use of data that identifies students at risk for poor learning outcomes combined with evidence based intervention and teaching that is adjusted on the basis of student responsiveness 
Term
Problem solving model
Definition
refers to the use of interventions tailored to students' individual needs that are selected by a multidisciplinay team of school professionals. 
Term
integrative assessment
Definition
describes multidisciplinary approach to evaluation that assimilates input from relevant sources.
Term
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Definition

the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by individual problem solving, and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers. 

The amount children are capable of learning without and with adult guidance. 

Term
Achievement Tests
Definition
desgined to measure accomplishments.
Term
Locator tests
Definition
AKA routing tests, pretests administered to determine the level of the actual test more appropriate for administration 
Term
Curriculum based assessment
Definition
used to refer to assessment of information acquired from teachings at school 
Term
Curriculum based measurement
Definition
a type of CBA is characterized by the used of standardized measurement procedures to derivce local norms to be used in evaluation of student performance on curriculum based tasks.
Term
Aptitude tests
Definition
tend to focus more on informal learning or life experiences whereas achievement tests tend to focus on the learning that has occured as a result of relatively structured input. 
Term
Prognostic tests
Definition
Typically used to make predictions and are aka aptitude tests 
Term
Readiness Tests
Definition
refers to the physical factors, personality factors, and other factors that are judged necessary for a child to be ready to learn.
Term
Checklist
Definition
a questionnaire on which marks are made to indicate the presence or absence of a specified behavior, thought, event or circumstance.
Term
Rating scale
Definition
a form completed by an evaluator (rater, judge or examiner) to make a judgement of relative standing with regard to a specified variable or list of variables
Term
Syndrome
Definition
may be defined as a set of co occuring emotional and behavioral problems
Term
informal evaluation
Definition
a typically nonsystematic, relatively brief, and "off the record" assessment leading to the formation of an opinion or attitude conducted by any person in any way, for any reason in an unofficial context that is not subject ot the ethics or other standards of an evaluation by a professional. 
Term
At risk
Definition
refers to children who have documented difficulties in one or more psychological, social, or academic areas and for whom intervention is or may be required. 
Term
Evaluative information
Definition
used in phrases such as evaluative purposes. typically applied to tests or test data that are used to make judgements (such as pass-fail and admit-reject decisions)
Term
Diagnostic information
Definition
used in educational contexts (and related phrases such as diagnostic purposes) is typically applied to tests or test data used to pinpoint a students difficulty, used for remedial purposes. 
Term
Diagnostic test
Definition
a tool used to identify areas of deficit to be targeted for intervention 
Term
Woodcock Reading Mastery tests-Revised
Definition
  • Paper and pencil measure for reading readiness, achievement and reading difficulties
  • takes between 15-45 min
  • can be used with children as young as 4.5 -80 y/o
Term
Letter Identification
Definition
items that measure the ability to name letters presented in different forms. Both cursive and printed as well as uppercase and lowercase letters are presented.
Term
Word Identification
Definition
words in isolation arranged in order of increasing difficulty. the student is asked to read each word aloud 
Term
Word attack
Definition
nonsense syllables that incorporate phonetic as well as structural analysis skills. Student is asked to pronounce each nonsense syllable 
Term
Word Comprehension
Definition
Items that assess word meaning by using a four part analogy format. 
Term
Tests for diagnosing difficulties with arithmetic and math concepts?
Definition
Stanford Diagnostic Mathematics test-fourth ed. and the keymath 3 diagnostic system.
Term
Psychoeducational test batteries
Definition
test kits that generally contain two types of tests: those that measure abilities related to academic success and those that measure educational achievement in areas such as reading and math. 
Term
Kaufman Assessment Battery for children (K-ABC) & Kaufman Assessment Battery for children, 2ed (KABC II)
Definition
Designed for test takers from the age 2.5-12.5. Subtests measuring both intelligence and achievement are included. K-ABC, intelligence subtests are divided into two groups, reflecting the two kinds of information-processing skills identified by Luria and his students. 
Term
Performance task
Definition
a work sample designed to elicit respresentative knowledge, skills, and values from a particular domain of study. 
Term
Performance Assessment
Definition
defined as an evaluation of performance tasks according to criteria developed by experts from the domain of study tapped by those tasks. 
Term
Portfolio
Definition
synonymous with work sample 
Term
Portfolio assessment
Definition
the evaluation of one's work sample.
Term
Authentic Assessment
Definition
in educational contexts as evaluation of relevant, meaningful tasks that may be conducted to evaluate learning of academic subject matter but that demonstrate the students' writing skills, for example, would therefore be based on writing samples rather than on responses to multiple choice tests. 
Term
Peer Appraisal
Definition
Method of obtaining information about an individual is by asking that individual's peer group to make the evaluation. 
Term
Sociogram
Definition
a graphic representation of peer appraisal data or other interpersonal information 
Term
Personality
Definition
an individuals unique constellation of psychological traits that is relatively stable over time. 
Term
Personality Assessment
Definition
the measurement and evaluation of psychological traits, states, values, interests, attitudes, worldview, acculturation, sense of humor, cognitive and behavioral styles and or related individual characteristics.
Term
Personality Trait
Definition
any distinguishable relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another. 
Term
Personality type
Definition
a constellation of traits that is similar in pattern to one identified category of personality within a taxonomy of personalities. 
Term
Type A personality
Definition
competitiveness, haste, restlessness, impatience, feelings of being time pressured and strong needs for achievement and dominance. 
Term
Type B personality
Definition
opposite of type A---they are mellowed and laid back 
Term
Profile
Definition
narrative description, graph, table or other representation of the extent to which a person has demonstrated certain targeted characteristics as a result of the administration or application of tools and assessment.
Term
Personality Profile
Definition
targeted characteristics are typically traits, states or types.
Term
State
Definition
  1. a personality state is an inferred psychodynamic disposition designed to convey the dynamic quality of the id, ego,and superego in perpetual conflict.
  2. refers to the transitory exhibition of some personality trait
Term
Self Report
Definition
process wherein information about assessess is suplied b the assessess themselves. Self reported information may be obtained in the form of diaries kept by assessess themselves are capable of providing it. 
Term
Self Concept
Definition
ones attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and related thoughts about oneself. 
Term
Self Concept measure
Definition
an instrument designed to yield information relevant to how an individual sees him or herself with regard to selected psychological variables. 
Term
Self Concept Differentiation
Definition
the degree to which a person has different self concepts are likely to perceive themselves quite differently in various roles. 
Term
Leniency error, generosity error and severity error
Definition
generalized biases to rate in a particular direction are referred these terms
Term
Error of central tendency
Definition
tendency to rate everyone near midpoint of a rating scale
Term
Halfo effect
Definition
favorable treatment Ex: teacher gives favorable treatment to a specific child because they know the child's family well. 
Term
Response style
Definition
a tendency to respond to a test item or interview question in some characteristic manner regardless of the content of the item or question 
Term
Acquiescent
Definition
an individual is more likely to responed with "yes, true" than "no,false"
Term
Impression Management
Definition
used to describe the attempt to manipulate others' impressions through the selective exposure of some information coupled with suppression of other information 
Term
Validity Scale
Definition
a subscale of a test designed to assist in judgements regarding how honestly the testtaker responded and whether observed responses were products of response style, carelessness, deliberate efforts to deceive, or unintentional misunderstanding. 
Term
Locus of control
Definition

persons pereption about the source of things that happen to him or her. 

locus meaning: place or site of control 

Term
Internal locus of control
Definition
those who seem themselves are largely responsible for what happens to them 
Term
External locus of control
Definition
those who are prone to attribute what happens to them to external factors (such as fate or the actions of others) 
Term
Structured interview
Definition
where the interviewer follows an interview guide and has little leeway in terms of posing questions not in that guide. 
Term
graphology
Definition
handwriting analysis for the purpose of deriving insights into personality 
Term
Frame of reference
Definition
aspects of the focus of exploration such as the time frame  (the past, present, future) as well as other contextual issues that involve people, places and events 
Term
Q-sort technique
Definition
an assessment technique in which the task is to sort a group of statements, usually in perceived tank order ranging from most descriptive to least descriptive. 
Term
nonothetic approach
Definition
characterized by efforts to learn how a limited number of personality traits can be applied to all people. 
Term
idiographic approach
Definition
efforts to learn about each individual's unique constellation of personality traits, with no attempt to characterize each person according to any particular set of traits. 
Term
BIG 5
Definition
extraversion--introversion/extraversion
Neuroticisim--low anxiey/ high anxiety
openness---tough-mindedness/receptivity
agreeableness----indepdence/accommodation
conscientiousness-----low self control/ high self control 
Term
Criterion
Definition
standard on which a judgement or decision can be made 
Term
Criterion group
Definition
a reference group of testtakers who share specific characteristics and whos responses to test items serve as a standard according to which items will be included in or discarded from the final version of the scale 
Term
empirical criterion keying
Definition
process of using criterion groups to develop test items 
Term
Values
Definition
where an individual prizes or th ideals an individual believes in 
Term
instrumental values
Definition
guiding principles to help one attain some objective. ex: Honesty, imagination, ambition and cheerfulness 
Term
Terminal values
Definition
guiding principles and a mode of behavior that is an endpoint objective. ex: a comfortable life, an exciting life, a sense of accomplishment,  and self respect 
Term
Identity
Definition
a set of cognitive and behavioral characteristics by which individuals define themselves as members of a particular group. 
Term
identification
Definition
process by which an individul assumes a pattern of behavior characteristic of other people, and referred to it as one of the "central issues that ethnic minority groups must deal with"
Term
Worldview
Definition
unique way people interpret and make sense of their perceptions as a consequence of their learning experiences, cultural background and related variables 
Term
Objective methods of personality assessment
Definition
characteristically contain short-answer items for which the assesse's task is to select one response from the two or more provided.
Term
Projective hypothesis
Definition
an individiual supplies structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with the individuals own unique pattern of conscious and unconscious needs, fears, desires, impulses, conflicts and ways of perceiving and responding. 
Term
Projective method
Definition
a technique of personality assessment in which some judgement of the assessee's personality is made on the basis of performance on a task that involves supplying some sort of structure to unstructured or incomplete stimuli
Term
inquiry
Definition
where the examiner attempts to determine what features of the inkblot played a role in formulating the test taker's perception of an image. 
Term
testing the limits
Definition
enables the examiner to restructure the situation by asking specific questions that provide additional information concerning personality functioning. 
Term
comprehensive system
Definition
exner's integration of several methods for administering, scoring, and interpreting the rorschach test. This method has been well received and is still currently in use. 
Term
Thematic apperception test TAT
Definition
designed as an aid to eliciting fantasy material from patients in psychoanalysis. the stimulus materials consist of 31 cards, one of which is blank. The 30 picture cards, all black and white, contain a variety of scenes designed to present the testtaker with certain classical human situations. Test takers are introduced to the examination with the cover story that it is a test of imagination.
Term
apperceive
Definition
perceive in terms of past perceptions.
Term
Henry Murray's concept of; Need
Definition
determinants of behavior arising from within the individual
Term

Henry Murray's concept of;

Press

Definition
determinants of behavior arising from within the environment 
Term
Henry Murray's concept of; thema
Definition
a unit interaction between needs and press 
Term
implicit motive
Definition
nonconscious influence on behavior typical acquired on the basis of experience 
Term
word assosciation
Definition
a task that may be used in personality assessment in which an assessee verbalizes the first word that comes to mind in response to a stimulus word 
Term
word association test
Definition
a semistructured individually adminstered, projective technique of personality assessment that involves the presentation of a list of stimulus words, to each of which an assessee responds verbally or in writing with whatever comes immediately to mind first upon first exposure to the stimulus word. 
Term
sentence completion
Definition
a task in which the assessee is asked to fnish an incomplete sentence or phrase 
Term
sentence completion test
Definition
a semistructured projective technique of personality assessment that involves the presentation of a lsit of words that begin a sentence and the assessee's task is to respond by finishing each sentence with whatever word or words come to mind. 
Term
sentence completion stems
Definition
the part of the sentence completion item that is not blank but must be created by the test taker. May be developed for use in specific types of settings (school, business) or for specific purposes. 
Term
figure drawing test
Definition
a projective method of personality assessment whereby the assessee produces a drawing that is analyzed on the basis of its content and related variables 
Term
behavioral assessment
Definition
based on analysis of behavior samples including antecedents and consequences 
Term
timeline followback (TLFB) methodology
Definition
a way to record the frequency and intensity of target behavior. Has been used to evaluate problem behaviors as diveirse as gambling. 
Term
ecological momentary assessment
Definition
behavioral diary keeping methodology that entails the real time recording on a handheld computer, of events related to problem behaviors. 
Term
Behavioral observation
Definition
technique involves watching activities of targeted clients or research sujects and, typically, maintaining some kind of record of those acitivties. Could be researchers, clinicians, or counselors.
Term
self monitoring
Definition
the act of systematically observing and recording aspects of one's own behavior and or events related to that behavior.
Term
reactivity
Definition
possible changes in an assessee's behavior, thinking or performance that may arise in response to being observed, assessed or evaluated. 
Term
analogue study
Definition
research investigation in which one or more variables are similar or analogous to the real variable that the investigator wishes to examine.
Term
analogue behavioral observation
Definition
the observation of a person or persons in an environment designed to increase the chance that the assessor can observe targeted behaviors and interactions. 
Term
situational performance measure
Definition
procedure that allows for observation and evaluation of an individual under a standard set of circumstances. 
Term
leaderless group technique
Definition
situational assessment procedure wherein several people are organized into a group for the purpose of carrying out a task as an observer records information related to individual group memers' initiative 
Term
psychophysiological
Definition
the study of physiological indicies such as heart rate and blood pressure but are also influenced by psychological factors.
Term
biofeedback
Definition
generic term that may be defined broadly as a class of psychphysiological assessment techniques designed to gauge, display and record continuous monitoring of selected biological processes such as pulse and blood pressure 
Term
plethysmograph
Definition
biofeedback instrument that records changes in the volume part of the bosy arising from variations in blood supply 
Term
penile plethysmograph
Definition
also an instrument designed to measure changes in blood flow but more specifically blood flow to the penis 
Term
phallometric data
Definition
the record from a study conducted with a penile plethysmograph as a means of compelling them to speak more openly about their thoughts and behavior.
Term
polygraph
Definition
a lie detector test 
Term
unobtrusive measure
Definition
a telling physical trace or record 
Term
contrast effect
Definition
a behavioral rating may be excessively positive or negative because of a prior rating was excessively negative or positive 
Term
composite judgement
Definition
an averaging of multiple judgements 
Term
Clinical psychology
Definition

branch of psychology that has its primary focus the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behavior 

they primarily focus their research and treatment on more severe forms of behavior pathology 

Term
Counseling psychology
Definition
branch of psychology that is concerned with the prevention diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behavior.
Term
Counseling Psychology
Definition
branch of psychology that is concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of abnormal  behavior.  They tend to focus more on everyday types of concerns and problems such as marriage, family, academics and career. 
Term
premorbid functioning
Definition
level of psychological and physical performance prior to the development of a disorder, illness or disability 
Term
Evolutionary view of mental disorder
Definition
view that an attribution of mental disordoer requires a scientific judgement (from an evolutionary perspective) that there exists a failure of function as well as a value judgement (from the perspective of social values) that the failur is harmful to the individual 
Term
Biopsychosocial assessment
Definition
a multidisciplinary approach to assessment that includes exploration of relevant biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental variables for the purpose of evaluating how such variables may have contributed to the development and maintenance of a presenting problem. 
Term
Fatalism
Definition
the belief that what happens in life is largely beyond a person's control
Term
Self efficacy
Definition
confidence in one's own ability to accomplish a task 
Term
Social support
Definition
expressions of understanding acceptance, empathy, love, advice, guidance, care, concern or trust from friends, family, community caregivers, or others in ones social environment 
Term
Theraputic contract
Definition
an agreement between client and therapist setting forth goals, expectations, and mutual obligations with regard to a course of therapy 
Term
Stress interview
Definition
general name applied to any interview where one objective is to place the interviewee in a pressured state for some particular reason 
Term
Hypnotic interview
Definition
may be conducted as part of a theraputic assessment or intervention when the intervieww has been an eyewitness to a crime or related situations 
Term
Cognitive interview
Definition
a type of hypnotice interview without the hypnotic induction; the interviewee is encouraged to use imagery and focused retrieval to recall information 
Term
collaborative interview
Definition
used in clinical psych; a helping, open ended interview wherein both parties work together on a common mission of discovery, insight, and enlightenment 
Term
mental status examination
Definition

used to screen intellectual, emotional and neurological deficitis, typically includes questioning or observation with respect to each area discussed in the following list;

appearance, behavior, orientation, memory, sensorium, psychomotor activity, state of consciousness, affect, mood, and personality 

Term
orientation
Definition
is assessed by using straight forward questions in a mental status exam. if the person is oriented to person, place and time, the assessor may note in the record of the assessment that the patient is oriented x 3
Term
test battery
Definition
refers to the group of tests adminsitered together to gather information about an individual from a variety of instruments 
Term
standard battery
Definition
referred to as a group of tests including one intelligence test, at least one personality test, and a test desgined to screen for neurological deficit. 
Term
culturally informed psychological assessment 
Definition
an approach to evaluation that is keenly perspective and responsive to issues of acculturation, values, identity, worldview, language and other culture related variables as they may impact the evaluation process of the interpretation of resulting data.
Term
managed care
Definition
health care system wherein the products and services provided to patients by an adminsitrative agency of the insurer that works to keep costs down by fixing schedules of reimbursement to service providers
Term
reacculturation
Definition
results in finding of a new identity 
Term
forensic psychological assessment
Definition
the theory and application of psychological evaluation and measurement in a legal context.
Term
M'Naghten standard
Definition

the right or wrong test. 

Could be seen as the insanity plea, where the law decides that the perpetraitor was not aware of what he was doing. 

Term
durham standard
Definition
a standard of legal insanity in durham vs united states wherein the defendant was not found culpablefor crminal action it is unlawful act was the product of a mental disease or defect 
Term
ALI standard
Definition
american law institute standard of legal insanity, which provides that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if, at the time of such conduct, the person lacked substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of the conduct or to conform the conduct to the requirements of the law
Term
Psychopath
Definition
a diagnosis that describes individuals with few inhibitions who may pursue pleasure or money with callous disregard for the welfar of others 
Term
profiling
Definition
a crime solving process that draw upon psychological and criminological expertise applied to the study of crime scene evidence 
Term
emotional injury
Definition
psychological harm or damage. the term used synonymously with mental suffering, pain and suffering and emotional harm. 
Term
custody evaluation
Definition
psychological assessment of parents or guardians and their parental capacity and or of children and their parental needs and preferences--usually undertaken for the purpose of assisting a court in making a decision about awarding custody. 
Term
anatomically detailed dolls (add)
Definition
dolls that have an accurately detailed genetalia 
Term
psychological report
Definition
report on the findings from assessment and measures 
Term
barnum effect
Definition
the consequences of ones belief that a vague personality description truuly describes oneself when in reality that description may apply to almsot anyone; sometimes referred to as the "aunt fanny effect" because the same personality might be applied to anyones aunt fanny. 
Term
actuarial assessment
Definition
an approach to evaluation characterized by the application of empirically demonstrated statistical rules as a determining factor in the assessor's judgement and actions
Term
actuarial prediction
Definition
an approach to predicting behavior based on the application of empirically demonstrated stat rules and probabilities
Term
clinical prediction
Definition
the application of clinicians own training and clinical experience as a determining factor in clinical judgement and actions. 
Term
mechanical prediction
Definition
the application of empirically demonstrated stat rules and probabilities as well as computer algorithms to the computer generation of findings and recommendations. 
Term
neuropsychology
Definition
branch of medicine that focuses on the nervous system and its disorders
Term
neuropsychology
Definition
focuses on the relationsip between brain functioning and behavior 
Term
behavioral neurology
Definition
subspecialty within the medical specialty of neurology that also focuses on brain behavior relationships. It has more of a biomedical than behavioral emphasis 
Term
neurotology
Definition
branch of medicine that focuses on problems related to hearing, balance and facial nerves 
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
consist of the neurons that convery messages to and from the rest of the body. viewed from the top, the large, rounded portion of the brain (cerebrum) can be divided into two sections or hemispheres.
Term
contralateral control
Definition
phenomenon resulting from the fact that each of the two cerebral hemispheres receives sensory information from the opposite side of the body and also controls motor responses on the opposite side of the body, understanding of this is necessary in understanding brain behavior relationships and in diagnosing neuropsychological deficits 
Term
neurological damage
Definition
impairment, injury, harm or loss of function of any part of process of the central or periphreal nervous system 
Term
lesion
Definition
a pathological alteration of tissue as might result from injury or infection 
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