Term
| What is the central purpose of punishment? |
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Definition
| To carry out the criminal sentence |
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Term
| According to the author, correction has a ________ relationship with its environment |
|
Definition
| reciprocal (give and take) |
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Term
| every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about |
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Definition
|
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Term
| one out ___ black children have a parent who has been to prison |
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Definition
|
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Term
| counting jails and prisons how many citizens are incarcerated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| For the purposes of deterrence, which principles did Beccaria believe were most important? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Penitentiary Act was based upon four core principles where prisoners were confined in solitary cells and labored silently in common rooms. They include: |
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Definition
| secure and sanitary conditions |
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Term
| As a social institution corrections reflects the vision and concerns of the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T or F? The age of reason brought about new ideas based on rationalization, the importance of individuals, and the limitations of government |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the enlightenment proposed this idea for correctional reform |
|
Definition
| the invention of the penitentiary where prisoners could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world |
|
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Term
| ideas of the enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by |
|
Definition
| forces in the environment |
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Term
| T or F? within 40 years of their initiation, penitentaries had become overcrowded, understaffed, and minimally financed. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| an institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation is the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| separate confinement was first implemented in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Serious attempts to implement the medical model began in the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| According to Herbert Packer, which is NOT an element of punishment? |
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Definition
| a dominant purpose to prevent further offesnses or to inflict pain on the offender |
|
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Term
| what is the most VISIBLE penalty imposed by the CJ system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by imprisonment is known as |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ________ is oriented solely toward the offender and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime |
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Definition
|
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Term
| legislators concerned with the correctional goal of treatment precribe a(n) |
|
Definition
| indeterminate sentecning scheme |
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Term
|
Definition
| showed that the court was extending the due process rights for prisoners in certain aspects |
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Term
| Since the inception of ___________ it has become more difficult for prisoners to file civil rights law suits |
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Definition
| The Prison litigation reform act |
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Term
| a writ of habeus corpus requests an examination of the legality of |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is found in the __ amendment |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property, and the denial of basic rights |
|
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Term
| the Anti-terrorism act imposes a _______ limit to file a federal habeus corpus petition |
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Definition
|
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Term
| for most of the united states history the bill of rights was interpreted as protecting individuals from acts of the ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Detainees at Guantanamo Bay are entitled to file writs of habeus corpus |
|
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Term
| T or F? the maintenance of stable prison populations has been legally recognized by the supreme court as justifying abridgements of an inmate's constitutional rights |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T or F? HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through blood and saliva |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T or F? most sexual offenses occur between strangers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ____ of those convicted receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in a typical group of thirty or so young adults it is likely that ______ has been locked up |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pretrial diversion is preferable because |
|
Definition
| many offenders cannot be effectively dealt with by the formal CJ system |
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Term
|
Definition
| jail operations are funded by a set amount paid for each prisoner held per day |
|
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Term
| in the 1800s jails began to change in response to the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| t or f? almost 60 percent of america's jails charge prisoners for at least some of the medical care they recieve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| therapeutic justice is a philosophy of reorienting the jail experience from being mostly punitive to being mostly _____ |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| T or F? 1 in 7 jails in the U.S. currently operates under a court order, typically related to overcrowding. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The central purpose of the early jail was |
|
Definition
| to make sure those accused of a crime would show up to their trials |
|
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Term
| common strategies in dealing with offenders with substance dependency problems is |
|
Definition
| release to an addiction treatment facility and placement in a methadone maintenance program |
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Term
| ______ is a drug that inhibits drinking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ conditions provide constraints on some probationers to force them to deal with substance abuse problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the approved practice for handling revocation of probation proceeds in __ stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? probation may be revoked if the probationers fails to attend a therapy session |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| average caseload of probation officers in NYC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? probation officers rely upon their authority because they have little substantive power. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? probation centers are where persistent probation violators reside for short periods of time |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who is more likely to end up in prison, the mentally ill or children of people who have been incarcerated? |
|
Definition
| children of people who have been incarcerated |
|
|
Term
| movement within the coninuum of sanction is contigent upon |
|
Definition
| performance at each level of sentencing accountability |
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Term
| a _______ condition establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? community service requries the offender to provide hours of free labor in a public space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| implementing intermediate sanctions has had three consequences. they include wider nets, stronger nets, and |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more than 2/3rd of people under correctional authority are |
|
Definition
| under community supervision |
|
|
Term
| studies of nonprison alternatives find that even the most successful programs enroll (majority or minority) of offenders who would otherwise have been incarcerated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| studies of community service and restitution programs have generally found them vulnerable to |
|
Definition
| the problem of net widening |
|
|
Term
| Oldest prison in the U.S. is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all state prisons test new inmates for HIV |
|
Definition
| false, only 20 states test all new inmates |
|
|
Term
| longer term inmates are recognized as those who suffer from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at present the focus of corrections has shifted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the reintegration model is linked to the structures and goals of __________ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ allows inmates to sue public officials for constitutional violations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the __________ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 70s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? the civil rights movement had no effect on prisoners |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which state has the lowest levels of known gang affiliation in prison? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sharing of myths, slang, customs, rewards, and sanctions of a smaller, isolated, separate group of people. The prison is recognized as a functioning community with its own values, roles, language and customs. this is also known as prison _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the prison term for "newcomer" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? inmates who are doing time see prison as a long term stay and continue their criminality while incarcerated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of the prison society and learns to adapt to the environment is known as ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inmates who fall victim of sexual violence while incarcerated tend to be |
|
Definition
| not affiliated with a gang |
|
|
Term
| t or f? one factor in the prison inmate code is not interfering with other inmates interests |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prison based programs designed for women often include: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head matron of the women's wing at Sing Sing from 1844-1848. Tried to implement reofrm ideas for female prisoners and was thwarted by male overseers and legislators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Traditionally, women have received _______ treatment from judges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? women are generally more receptive and responsive to prison based programs than males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in instances when women inmates are sexually abused it is found that their abuser is generally a corrections officer. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? vaginal examinations are frequently conducted by correctional officers to discover contraband |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in 1817 she helped organize the Association for the improvement of Female Prisoners in Newgate. this group made up of wives of quaker businessmen, worked to establish prison discipline, separation of the sexes, classification of criminals, female supervision for women inmates, adequate religious and secular instruction, and the useful employment of prisoners. largely through her efforts, such reforms rapidly moved to other prisons in england and abroad. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1844 _______ was created with the goal of improving the treatment of female prisoners and separating them from males |
|
Definition
| Women's Prison Association |
|
|
Term
| The growth rate in the number of incarcerated women is (less, greater, or the same) as men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals and are in direct contact with clients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are central to prisoner control because correctional officers cannot have total control over the inmtaes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most inmate rule violations are handled by |
|
Definition
| an institutional disciplinary committee |
|
|
Term
| in a highly authoritarian prison, treatment goals are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the CEO of the institution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ comprise the majority of an institutions employees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prison disorder (riots, staff murders, escapes, and inmate homicides) are proportionately more rare today than in the 70s and 80s. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F? correctional officers have total power over inmates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the 5 prison based programs __________ is the most contraversial |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? the role of programs in prison is static regardless of the prison population and outside influences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| court case that established a right to medical treatment while incarcerated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? inmates who participate in educational programs are least likely to return to prison |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| educational programs in prisons include federal funding for post-secondary education. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| people's problems decline when they behave more responsibly. this is a core tenet of ________ _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? inmates who are on mandatory release status are able to include their good time credit towards their release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ release is based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitative programs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most parolees return to prison. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ _____ are important when parole boards consider an inmates progress |
|
Definition
| self improvement programs |
|
|
Term
| in the ________ model, there is a parole board, an independent decision-making authority, that is organizationally close enough to the department to be sensitive to institutional and correctional needs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| states retaining indeterminate sentencing allow discretionary release by the parole board within the boundaries of the sentence and the law. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minuse good time, if any, he or she will receive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inmates who are released from any further correctional supervision and cannot be returned to prison for their current offense have been give ___________ release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in practice, revocations of parole usually result from a single rule violation. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an emphasis on ________ is what matters most in the philosophy of an agency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parole is often viewed as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| residential programs normally house between 10 and __ offenders at a time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nearly 1 quarter of all parolees will fail in the first six months. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| research shows that _______ juveniles are carrying guns than ever before |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| juvenile crime is a(n) _________ phenomenon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ juveniles are referred to juvenile court every year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| assumptions about the "normalcy" of delinquency depend on how the misbehavior fits the juvenile's |
|
Definition
| age and level of development |
|
|
Term
| in 2008 approximately _____ juveniles were arrested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? it is constitutional to execture someone who committed their crime before they were 18 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| states with more generous welfare benefits have higher prison populations. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for the majority of the 20th century, the numbers of incarcerated prisoners in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for two decades the crime rate in the U.S. has been |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which president influcenced the concept of the war on drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 80% of california's recommitments stemmed from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| states with higher unemployment have higher prison populations. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| given current public attitudes toward crime and punishment, it is likely that incarceration rates will remain high |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there seems to be little relationship between the crime rate and the incarceration rate. t or f? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t or f? most americans associate race and crime. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when groups are treated differently without regard to their behavior or qualification, _______ occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prison surpassed college as a place for young african american men after ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or f? black kids are more likely to be arrested for all crimes than any other race? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
offenders must serve 85% percent of their sentence before being parolled
1) provides public with more accurate information about actual length of sentences
2) reduces crime by keeping offedners in prison
3) achieving a rational allocation of prison space by prioritzing the incarceration of particular class of criminals such as violent offenders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
offenders must serve 85% percent of their sentence before being parolled
1) provides public with more accurate information about actual length of sentences
2) reduces crime by keeping offedners in prison
3) achieving a rational allocation of prison space by prioritzing the incarceration of particular class of criminals such as violent offenders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an architectural design by which the functional units of a prison are housed in serparate buildings constructed on 4 sides of an open square |
|
|
Term
| most women's and juvenile facilities use the _______ design |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the functional units of a prison are individually housed in a complex of buildings surrounded by a fence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (eastern state penitentiary and others in early 19th century) prison is contructed in the form of a wheel with spikes radiating from a central core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long central corridor crossed at regular intervals by structures containing the prison's functional areas. |
|
|
Term
| most common design for maximum security prisons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the S.C. rules that the death penalty as administered constituted cruel and unusal punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a penitentiary system developed in auburn, NY in which inmates were held in isolation at night but worked with other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person who fails to appear for court date |
|
|
Term
| administrative control theory |
|
Definition
| prison disorder results from unstable, divided, weak management |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| juvenile justice equivalent of parole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boston bootmaker. first probation officer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first director of Federal bureau of prisons. advocated reform in 1920s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| itialian scholar who applied the rationalist philosophy of the enlightenment to CJ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English advocate of utilitarianism in prison management and discipline. Argued for the treatment and reform of prisoners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reformer, experiemented with making prisons more rehabilitative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutual trust among neighbors, combined with the willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good especially to supervise children and maintain public order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes reparation to the victim and community, a problem solving perspective for approaching crime, and citizen involvement in crime prevention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a treatment technique usually done in a group that vividly brings the offender face to face with crime's consequences for the victim and society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| director of the irish convict prisons in 1854. he eveloped a system for offenders to work toward rehab and early release by moving through three stages of increasing levels of vocational training and privileges. Influenced parole in the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emphasizes security, discipline, and order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| criminal penalty based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day's work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| staff members remain with inmates throughout the day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by law |
|
|
Term
| enlightenment/ age of reason |
|
Definition
1700s, england, france. stressed
liberalism, rationality, equality, individualism, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| realease without any further correctional supervision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prison reformer in progressive tradition design massachusetts norfolk prison colony to be a model prison community. Norfolk provided individual treatment programs and included inmates on an advisory council to deal with community governance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| english prison reformer whose book, "the state of the prison in england and wales" contributed greatly to the passage of the Penitentiary act of 1779 by the house of commons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abandoned ships the english converted to hold convicts during a period of prison crowding between 1776 nd 1790 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms so that parole eligibility depnds on the time necessary for treatment; closely associated with rehabilitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a governance theory that posits that for a prison system to operate effectively, officials must tolerate minor infractions, relax security measures, and allow inmate leaders to keep order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| english common law practice that a judge could suspend a the imposition or execution of a sentence on condition of good behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redirect funds currently spent on prisons to community projects that improve public safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inmates were leased to contractors who provided them with food and clothing in exchange for labor. in southern states the prisoners were used as field laborers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| law of retaliation; the principle that punishment should correspond to the offense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facility that holds people before court appearances for up to 48 hours (drunk tanks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a former army officer, appointed to auburn prison in NY. he developed the congregate system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innovator in juvenile justice, believed that the proper work of the court depnded on the judge, supported by probation officers, caseworkers, and psychologists. he sought as much as possible to avoid using reformatories and tried to bring the expertise of social service professionals to the courts |
|
|
Term
| Captain Alexander Maconochie |
|
Definition
| born in scotland, naval officer, heographer, and penal reformer. in 1836 he was appointed to a position in the administration of van diemen's land *now tasmania) later he was made superintendent of norfolk island penal colony in the south pacific. under his direction marks of commenation were given to prisoners who performed their taks well and they were released when they demonstrated willingness to accept society's rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the require release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision on the expiration of a certain period as stipulated by a determinate sentencing law or parole guidelines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offenders are assessed a certain number of points based on the severity of their crime at the time of sentencing. prisoners could reduce their term by earning marks through labor, good behavior and educational achievement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assumes that criminal behabior is caused by social, psychological or biological deficiencies that require treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a facility with a podular architectrual design and management policies that emphasiszes interaction of inmates and staff and provision of services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to obtain compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doing nothing to relieve crowding in prisons under the assumption that the problem is temporary and will disappear in time |
|
|
Term
| other conditional release |
|
Definition
| probationary sentence used in some states to get around the rigidity of mandatory release by placing convicts in various community settings under supervision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the parent of the country; the role of the state as guardian and protector of all people who are unable to protect themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| english quaker who arrived in philly, adopted the great law emphasizing hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes |
|
|
Term
| performance-based supervision |
|
Definition
| probation approach that sets goals for supervision and evaluates the effectiveness of meeting those goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a labor system under which a contractor provided raw materials and agreed to purchase at a set price the goods made by prison inmates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self-contained living areas for 12-25 inmates composed of individual cells for privacy and open areas for social interaction. new generation jails comprise two or more pods |
|
|
Term
| PSI Presentence investigation |
|
Definition
| summary report of a convicted offender's background which helps the judge decide on an appropriate sentence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sentence for which the legislature of a commission sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances. |
|
|
Term
| priciniple of interchangeability |
|
Definition
| different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach |
|
|
Term
| principle of least eligibility |
|
Definition
| the doctrine that prisoners ought to receive no goods or services in excess of those available to people who have lived within the law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a labor system under qhich a prison bough machinery and raw materials with which inmates manufactured a salable product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contraints imposed on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation including fines community services and restitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires that a regulation provide a reasonable, rational method of advancing a legitmiate institutional goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment that emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and their consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formally recorded obligation such as keep the peace, pay a debt, or appear in court, entered by a judge to permit an offender to live in the community often on posting a sum of money as surety which is forgeited by nonperformance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| courts that supervise ex-offender's return to the community and their adjustment to life after incarceration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to obtain compliance in exchange for material resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physician, singer of the declaration of independce and social reformer. advocated the penitentiary as a replacement for capital and corporal punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| employees who provide services in support of line personnel - training officer, accountants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| labor system under which goods produced by prison industries are purchased by state institutions and agencies exclusively and never enter the free market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an act that is considered unacceptable for a child but would not be a crime if committed by an adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tactic for reducing prison violence by dividing facilities into small, self-contained, semiautonomous institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| man money; money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent a blood feud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing the scope of corrections by applying a diversion program to people charged with offesnses less serious than those of the people the program was originally intended to serve |
|
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Term
| 1 in _ african american males have been to prison |
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| the right to be tried in an ecclesiastical court, where punishments were less severe than those meted out vy civil courts, given the religious focus on penance and salvation |
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| 6 principles of classical criminology |
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Definition
1. utilitarian concept: greatest goods for greatest amount of people
2. crime is an injury to sciety and the only measure is the extent of injury
3. prevention over punishment
4. no secret accusations,no torture, due process
5. deterrent effect, certain and swift
6. improve prisons, classification
7. punishment least possible |
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| "Great Law" of Pennsylvania |
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Definition
| Based on Quaker principles na demphasized hard labor in a house of corrections as punishment for most crimes. was replaced in 1718 by the Anglican Code |
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hard and selective suffering convince them to change
solitary confinement
refect on transgressions |
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| Auburn, NY congregate system |
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Definition
inmates held in isolation but worked with other prisoners during the day under rule of silence.
& CONTRACT LABOR SYSTEM - inmate labor contracted to private companies |
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| 1870 meeting of the National Prison Assoiciation |
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Definition
reform rewarded by release
fixed sentences |
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Definition
positivist school (bahvior is product of biological economic, psychological and social factors) & scientific method
treatment oriented
influenced PROBATION, INDETERMINATE SENTENCES, and PAROLE |
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| Era of treatment of 1950s |
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Definition
| CA, NJ, NY, rehabilitation DOP became DOC |
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| Herbert Packers 3 elements of punishment |
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Definition
1. an offense
2. infliction of pain because of committing the offense
3. saw no need to compensate those injured nor to prevent further offenses |
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deserved punishment
offense rather than offender
lost in Age of Reason
new interest in 70s |
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Definition
| jurors can not be automatically excluded because they are against the death penalty |
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| must take into account dpecific aggravating and mitigating factors to decide who is sentenced to death |
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| death penalty for rape of an adult is unconstitutional |
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| Defendants in capital cases have the right to "reasonable" representation |
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| execution of mentally retarded was unconstitutional |
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| Juries not judges must decide whether to sentence to death |
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Term
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| offenders cannot be sentenced to death for cimres they committed before 18 |
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| 3 justifications for restricting constitutional rights on prisoners |
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Definition
1. order maintenance
2. security
3. rehabilitation |
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Term
| 2 step revocation hearing process |
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Definition
1. probable cause hearing
2. parolee receives notice of charges and evidence disclosed, may cross-examine personell |
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Term
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Definition
over 1/3rd of all death in jails
most happen within first 6-10 hours |
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Term
| Centralized vs. decentralized |
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Definition
centralized - larger, can train staff to take a variety of roles
can implement broader programs
Decentralized
city or county, smaller more flexible, better able to respond to community |
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Term
| private PSIs, client-specific planning |
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Definition
| private investigative firm contracts with offenders to do background checks and suggest to judges creative sentencing options instead of incarceration |
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| COs beat the shit out of inmates causing trouble |
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Definition
| subordinates should only report to one supervisor |
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Definition
| closest contact with prisoners, enforce rules, carry out orders, move inmates |
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| best predictor of recidivism in juveniles |
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| the belief that white fear of blacks is least when whites are the majority but greatest when the blacks a substantial minority |
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