Penology:

The study of the use of punishment for criminal acts

Penitentiary:

The term first used to describe secure facilities used to hold offenders serving a criminal sentence; still used today for some older or highly secure prisons

Corrections: 

The range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for

managing criminal offenders

Penal Code: 

a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime

Cesare Beccaria:

An Italian theorist who in the eighteenth century first suggested linking crime causation to punishments and became known as the founder of the Classical School of criminology 

Classical School: 

The theory linking crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism 

Jeremy Bentham: 

Creator of the hedonistic calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing their crime 

Hedonistic Calculus: 

The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain and that individuals are constantly calculating the pluses and minuses of their potential actions.

Positive School: 

The belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control. 

Cesare Lombroso: 

The Italian physician who in the nineteenth century founded the Positive School 

Atavism:

The existence of features common if the early stages of human evolution, implied the idea that criminals are born, and criminal behavior is predetermined.

Neoclassical School: 

A compromise between Classical and Positive Schools; while holding offenders accountable for their crimes, allowing for some consideration of mitigating and aggravating circumstances

Transportation: 

Used in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to remove criminals from society by sending them to British colonies such as America

John Howard:

The sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, who encouraged reform of English jails in the late 1700s

Walnut Street Jail: 

The first penitentiary in the United States.

Auburn system:

The congregate and silent operation of prisons, in which inmates were allowed to work together during the day, but had to stay separate and silent at other times.

Irish system: 

A four-stage system of graduated release from prison and return to the community; the stages were solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave 

Reformatory Era: 

An environment emphasizing reformation that expanded education and vocational programs and focused offenders' attention on their future.

Industrial Prison Era:

Prison operations with emphasis on having inmates work and produce products that could help to make the prisons self-sustaining

Period of Transition: 

An era of prison operations in which enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, and excessive size and overcrowding of prisons resulted in an increase in prisoner discontent and prison riots. 

Hands-off doctrine: 

An avoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators

 Rehabilitative Era: 

An era of prison management emphasizing the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training and implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management.

Medical model: 

A theory of corrections that offenders were sick, inflicted with problems that caused their criminality, and needed to be diagnosed and treated, and that rehabilitative programs would resolve offenders' problems and prepare them for release into the community able to be productive and crime-free 

Reintegration: 

A belief that after offenders complete their treatment in prison they need transitional care, and that the community must be involved in their successful return to society

"Nothing works": 

A conclusion by Robert Martinson that no correctional treatment program reduces recidivism; it effectively spelled the end to the medical model

Retributive Era:

An era of corrections that emphasizes holding offenders accountable for their acts and being tough on criminals while keeping them isolated from law biding citizens and making them serve "hard" time.

Punishment: 

The correctional goal emphasizing the infliction of pain or suffering