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| branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behavior and social interactions |
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| combination of people, activities and interactions among people, and the setting in which behavior occurs, and expectations and social norms governing behavior in that setting. |
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| The view that environmental conditions may influence people's behavior as much or more than their personal dispositions do under some circumstances. |
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| a psychological orientation that focuses primarily on the inner characterisitcs of individuals such as personality dispositions, values, character, and genetic makeup, contrasted with situation-ism , the focus is on external causes of behavior. |
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| a socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of persons in a given setting or group |
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| a groups expectations regarding what is appropriate |
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| knowledge about the sequence of events and actions that is expected in a particular setting |
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| tendency to mimic other people |
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| a form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments of unambiguous stimuli, as with line judgments. |
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| the tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group. |
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| the perceived motion of a stationary dot of light in a totally dark room. used by MUZAFIR SHERIF to study the formation of group norms. |
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| area of research that uses methodologies from brain sciences to investigate various types of social behavior, such as stereotyping in prejudice, attitudes, self-control, and emotional regulation. |
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| groupthink- term for the poor judgements and bad decisions made by members of groups that are overly influenced by perceived group consensus or the leader's point of view. |
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| solidarity, loyalty, and a sense of group membership |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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| overestimating person power and underestimating situation power. |
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| people whose actions help others in emergencies or challenge unjust or corrupt systems, doing so without concern for reward or likely negative consequences for them by acting in deviant ways. |
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| 4 conditions under which people tend to obey authority. |
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-when a peer modeled obedience by complying with the authority
- when the victim was remote from the teacher and could not be seen or heard, thereby promoting a sense of anonymity.
- when the teacher was under direct surveillance of the authority figure so that he was aware of the authority's presence
- when the authority figure had higher relative status to the teacher. |
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| three ways to increase your chances for help |
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| ask for help, reduce the ambiguity of the situation ( explain the problem clearly), identify specific individuals. |
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| the group with which an individual identifies. |
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| those outside the group with which an individual identifies. |
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| individual's subjective interpretation of other people and of one's relationships with them. |
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| Reward theory of attraction |
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| social learning view that predicts we like best who give us the most for less. |
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| sharing of personal information and feelings to another person as part of the process of developing trust. |
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| people find friends and mates perceived to be about the same level of attractiveness. |
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| social theory, people decide whether to pursue a relationship by weighing the value of it against their expectation of success in establishing the relationship |
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| highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes or values. Leon festinger was its originator. |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| tendency to overemphasize internal dispositional causes and minimize external situational pressures. The Fae is more common in individualistic cultures than collectivist ones. |
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| attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success but denies responsibility for failure. |
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| temporary and highly emotional condition based on infatuation and sexual desire |
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| negative attitude toward group |
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| negative action toward group |
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| perceived difference or similarity between oneself and another person. |
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| negative effect on performance that arises when an individual becomes aware that members of his group are expected to perform poorly in that domain. |
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| influences on behavior that come from top-down sources in the form of creating and maintaining various situations that in turn have an impact on actions of individuals in those behavioral contexts |
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| report issued by one of the official investigations of the ABu Gharaib prison abuses, headed by James schlesinger, former secretary of defense. It highlighted the social psychological factors that contributed to creating an abusive environment. |
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| prison in iraq made famous by revelation of photos taken by army reserve MP guards in the acts of humiliating and torturing prisoners. |
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