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Core Concepts Psychology Zimbardo Chapter 11
core concepts zimbardo
36
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/18/2010

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Term
Social psychology
Definition
branch of psychology that studies the effects of social variables and cognitions on individual behavior and social interactions
Term
Social context
Definition
combination of people, activities and interactions among people, and the setting in which behavior occurs, and expectations and social norms governing behavior in that setting.
Term
Situation-ism
Definition
The view that environmental conditions may influence people's behavior as much or more than their personal dispositions do under some circumstances.
Term
disposition-ism
Definition
a psychological orientation that focuses primarily on the inner characterisitcs of individuals such as personality dispositions, values, character, and genetic makeup, contrasted with situation-ism , the focus is on external causes of behavior.
Term
Social role
Definition
a socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of persons in a given setting or group
Term
Social norms
Definition
a groups expectations regarding what is appropriate
Term
script
Definition
knowledge about the sequence of events and actions that is expected in a particular setting
Term
chameleon effect
Definition
tendency to mimic other people
Term
Asch effect
Definition
a form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments of unambiguous stimuli, as with line judgments.
Term
Conformity
Definition
the tendency for people to adopt the behaviors, attitudes, and opinions of other members of a group.
Term
Auto-kinetic effect
Definition
the perceived motion of a stationary dot of light in a totally dark room. used by MUZAFIR SHERIF to study the formation of group norms.
Term
social neuroscience
Definition
area of research that uses methodologies from brain sciences to investigate various types of social behavior, such as stereotyping in prejudice, attitudes, self-control, and emotional regulation.
Term
groupthink- term for the poor judgements and bad decisions made by members of groups that are overly influenced by perceived group consensus or the leader's point of view.
Definition
Term
cohesiveness
Definition
solidarity, loyalty, and a sense of group membership
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
overestimating person power and underestimating situation power.
Term
Heroes
Definition
people whose actions help others in emergencies or challenge unjust or corrupt systems, doing so without concern for reward or likely negative consequences for them by acting in deviant ways.
Term
4 conditions under which people tend to obey authority.
Definition
-when a peer modeled obedience by complying with the authority
- when the victim was remote from the teacher and could not be seen or heard, thereby promoting a sense of anonymity.
- when the teacher was under direct surveillance of the authority figure so that he was aware of the authority's presence
- when the authority figure had higher relative status to the teacher.
Term
three ways to increase your chances for help
Definition
ask for help, reduce the ambiguity of the situation ( explain the problem clearly), identify specific individuals.
Term
In-group
Definition
the group with which an individual identifies.
Term
out-group
Definition
those outside the group with which an individual identifies.
Term
social reality
Definition
individual's subjective interpretation of other people and of one's relationships with them.
Term
Reward theory of attraction
Definition
social learning view that predicts we like best who give us the most for less.
Term
self-disclosure
Definition
sharing of personal information and feelings to another person as part of the process of developing trust.
Term
matching hypothesis
Definition
people find friends and mates perceived to be about the same level of attractiveness.
Term
expectancy-value theory
Definition
social theory, people decide whether to pursue a relationship by weighing the value of it against their expectation of success in establishing the relationship
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
highly motivating state in which people have conflicting cognitions, especially when their voluntary actions conflict with their attitudes or values. Leon festinger was its originator.
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
tendency to overemphasize internal dispositional causes and minimize external situational pressures. The Fae is more common in individualistic cultures than collectivist ones.
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
attributional pattern in which one takes credit for success but denies responsibility for failure.
Term
romantic love
Definition
temporary and highly emotional condition based on infatuation and sexual desire
Term
prejudice
Definition
negative attitude toward group
Term
discrimination
Definition
negative action toward group
Term
social distance
Definition
perceived difference or similarity between oneself and another person.
Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
negative effect on performance that arises when an individual becomes aware that members of his group are expected to perform poorly in that domain.
Term
System power
Definition
influences on behavior that come from top-down sources in the form of creating and maintaining various situations that in turn have an impact on actions of individuals in those behavioral contexts
Term
Schlesinger report
Definition
report issued by one of the official investigations of the ABu Gharaib prison abuses, headed by James schlesinger, former secretary of defense. It highlighted the social psychological factors that contributed to creating an abusive environment.
Term
Abu Gharaib Prison
Definition
prison in iraq made famous by revelation of photos taken by army reserve MP guards in the acts of humiliating and torturing prisoners.
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