Term
|
Definition
| resides in tissues, granulse of histamine and IgE, distinct lineage from HSCs |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-antigen-specific, lyse infected self cells, activate macrophages, NOT THE SAME AS NKT CELLS! |
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Term
|
Definition
| most abundant leukocytes, phagocytose, also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
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|
Term
| Lymph node outermost cortex |
|
Definition
| B cell proliferation, divided into follicles |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph node germinal centers |
|
Definition
| subdivision of a secondary lymphoid follicle, where intense B cell proliferation happens |
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|
Term
| Lymph node medullary cords |
|
Definition
| macrophages and plasma cells (APCs) |
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|
Term
| Primary lymphoid follicles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the spleen get antigens from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do lymph nodes get antigens from? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| released by plasma cells in lamina propria of mucosal tissues, secreted into lumen of gut, also found in milk, secreted as dimer. found as monomer in blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| soluble proteins that target cell receptors, eg: Interleukins, interferons, TNFs, TGFs |
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Term
|
Definition
| induce lymphocyte migration, share receptor with HIV |
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Term
|
Definition
| in skin, peptide that acts like ABs, innate immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| circulates as inactive precursors, cascade leads to opsonization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Naive lymphocytes need two signals, memory cells don't. |
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|
Term
| Innate immunity receptor classes |
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Definition
| Toll Like Receptors (TLRs), N-formyl methionyl receptors, Mannose receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pathogen associated molecular pattern, recognized by innate immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Damage associated molecular patterns, non-infections inflammatory response, e.g. heat shock proteins, HMGB1, ATP, uric acid, heparin sulfate, DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structures reconized by IIS |
|
Definition
| LPS/endotoxin, terminal mannose of glycoproteins, dsRNA, unmethylated CpG nucleotides |
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|
Term
| principal functions if IIS |
|
Definition
| activation of AIS, inflammation and anti-viral defense |
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Term
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan, lipoprotein, lipotechoic acid, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| LPS, fungal mannans, viral envelope ptns. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TLR-3, -7, -8, -9 ligands |
|
Definition
| microbial nucleic acids (ssRNA, unmethylated CpG dinucleotides) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 29-34 AA ptns, cysteine rich, present in neutrophil granules, released in response to IL-1 and TNF, kill bacteria and fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
| produced in intestinal epithelium, locally sterilize lumen in crypts of intestines |
|
|
Term
| normal Neutrophil count per cubic mm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liver differentiated monocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lung differentiated monocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| bone differentiated monocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| resident APCs ingest pg, release cytokines--> endothelial cells produce selectins, ligand for integrins, and chemokines--> blood leukocytes bind weakly to selectins--> blood leukocytes stop when they reach integrins and migrate in. |
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Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of leukocytes, vascular dilation, increased vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte adhesion deficiency |
|
Definition
| heritable deficiency of integrins and/or selectins--> increased susceptibility to infection |
|
|
Term
| How are phagocytosed organisms killed? |
|
Definition
| fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes, production of ROIs and NO |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antigen presenting cells, produce cytokines that activate leukocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| IFN-gamma (macrophage activating cytokine) |
|
|
Term
| What activates NK cells and how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discharge granules with perforins, also induce apoptosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| expressed on nearly all host cells, inhibits NK cells, absence activates NK cells. |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways complement cascade can be activated? |
|
Definition
| alternative pathway (AB independent), Classical pathway (AB mediated), or Lectin pathway (Mannose binding lectin) |
|
|
Term
| 2 cytokines that function in innate & adaptive immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from MPs, T cells, causes inflammation, fever, apoptosis, activates NPs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from MPs, endothelial and some epithelial cells, causes inflammation, fever, Th-17 differentiation |
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Term
|
Definition
| comes from MPs, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, T cells, fibroblasts, platelets, increases integrin affinity and chemotaxis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Comes from Dendritic cells and MPs, increases IFN-g production and cytotoxic activity, TH-1 differentiation. Infected MPs produce this to get them killed. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from T cells and NK cells, activates MPs and stimulates some AB responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from dendritic cells and MPs, anti-viral state, increased MHC 1, activates NK cells, a type I IFN |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| comes from fibroblasts, causes antiviral state, increased MHC-1, activates NK cells, a type I IFN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds bacteruial carbs, targets for phagocytosis and/or complement cascade |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| binds phosphocholine on microbes, targets for phagocytosis by MPs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated plasma levels of many proteins in response to infection |
|
|
Term
| Pneumococcus adaptation to IIS? |
|
Definition
| capsular polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| staphylococci adaptation to IIS? |
|
Definition
| produces catalase to breakdown ROIs |
|
|
Term
| Neisseria meningitides adaptation to IIS? |
|
Definition
| sialic acid expression inhibits C3 and C5 convertases in complement cascade |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus adaptation to IIS? |
|
Definition
| M protein blocks C3 binding to organism, C3b binding to complement receptors |
|
|
Term
| Pseudomonas adaptation to IIS? |
|
Definition
| modified LPS resists peptide antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antobody and B cell mediated for blood borne microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that elicits the same IIS reaction that a microbe would (vaccines need this) |
|
|
Term
| Describe B cell antigen receptors |
|
Definition
| membrane bound antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What do B cell antigen receptors recognize? |
|
Definition
| a wide range of macromolecules in soluble and cell-surface-associated form |
|
|
Term
| Describe T cell receptors |
|
Definition
| membrane bound receptor, recognizes only small peptide fragments bound to MHC |
|
|
Term
| Determines graft rejection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CD8 T cells recognize which MHC and which pathogens? |
|
Definition
| MHC I, cytosolic polypeptides degraded by proteasome, viral antigens |
|
|
Term
| CD4 T cells recognize which MHC and which pathogens? |
|
Definition
| MHC II, vesicular peptides |
|
|
Term
| CD8 T cells differentiate into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MHC I expressed by which cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MHC II expressed by which cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a1,a2,B1,B2, 2 transmembrane domains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a1,a2,a3, B2 microglobulin, 1 transmembrane domain |
|
|
Term
| How do cytosolic polypeptides get from proteasome to RER? |
|
Definition
| Transporter for Antigen Processing (TAP) |
|
|
Term
| TAP allows which MHC to bind antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents MHC II from binding to antigen until it is fused with endocytic vesicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen-presenting cells can take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells. Important for viruses that don't infect APCs and tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps MHC II degrade invariant chain, bind ag. in endosome |
|
|
Term
| location of MHC I polymorphism |
|
Definition
| mostly in the peptide binding cleft. Structurally significant regions are well conserved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein shaped like MHC I but not coded on MHC, peptide binding cleft is closed, transports IgG across placenta, maintains adult [IgG] by recycling endocytosed IgG to plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds glycolipids for presentation to T cells and NKT cells, deep narrow cleft, not polymorphic, not in MHC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhances internalization of membrane MHC I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes MHC I degradation in ER |
|
|
Term
| Adenovirus adaptation to MHC I |
|
Definition
| delays MHC I trafficking to membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks into two Fab fragments (fragment antigen binding) and one Fc fragment (fragment crystallyzable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light chain loci of Ig; 65:35 ratio is normal |
|
|
Term
| Ig light chain gene segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ig Heavy chain gene segments |
|
Definition
| V,D, J, and C segments recombine |
|
|
Term
| when does recombination occur? |
|
Definition
| Before B or T cells encounter antigen |
|
|
Term
| most variable region of Ig and TCR genes and why |
|
Definition
| CDR3, due to imprecise cutting and joining of DNA and addition/deletion of nucleotides between gene segments during goining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site recognized on antigen. AKA antigen determinant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two heavy chains, two light chains, held together by disulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three constant regions (C1,2,3) and one V region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One constant region, CL, and one variable region, VL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single chain variable fragment: a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains; the antigen binding site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 transmembrane domains, two alpha and two beta regions, resembles Fab of Ig, held together by disulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
| 4 mechanisms of generationg diversity for ag. receptors |
|
Definition
| 1.multiple gene segments in germline 2.combinatorial association: VDJ and VJ joining 3. Random assortment of H/L and Va/VB chains 4. junctional diversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| V and J segments recombine with C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| V,D, and J segments recombine with C |
|
|
Term
| cross reaction of Ig example |
|
Definition
| antibodies against M protein on group A strep also attack heart muscle causing rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
| TCR cross reactivity example |
|
Definition
| Multiple sclerosis: some patients have a TCR that binds both Epstein Barr virus peptide and a myelin protein |
|
|
Term
| Somatic hypermutation: which cells, when, why, where |
|
Definition
| B cells, after encountering ag., to increase binding affinity, in germinal centers of lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activation Induced cytidine Deaminase, converts cytidine into uridine, completely randomly. B cell then has to attempt repair, which is error prone--> variability. Involved in somatic hypermutation and isotype switching |
|
|
Term
| sequence of TCR recombination |
|
Definition
| Beta chain is recombined until functional protein can be combined with surrogate alpha chain. When complete, beta chain is set and alpha chain recombination begins. |
|
|
Term
| sequence of T cell CD development |
|
Definition
| double negative, large active double positive, small resting double positive (apoptosis for >95%), single positive CD4 or CD8 |
|
|
Term
| Positive selection of T cells |
|
Definition
| T cells in the thymus that cannot bind either MHC I or II will not receive survival signals and will die. |
|
|
Term
| Negative selection of T cells |
|
Definition
| T cells in thymus that bind MHC too strongly will receive signal to die, preventing binding to self. |
|
|
Term
| sequence of B cell Ig rearrangement |
|
Definition
| germline DNA--> Heavy chain D-J--> V-DJ--> HC binds surrogate LC and goes to membrane--> proliferation--> LC V-J until functional Ig is made (or cell dies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each B cell only expresses one Ig receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if a B cell Ig binds self, it dies or produces a new LC with new specificity |
|
|
Term
| significance of aberrant kappa/lambda LC ratio |
|
Definition
| one line of cells may be proliferating too much, potentially malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta chain is subject to allelic exclusion, alpha chain is technically not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abundant in epithelia, recognize both protein and non-protein ag.s on non-classical MHCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First Ig expressed by developing B cells with μ constant region, membrane bound, can form pentamer w/ J chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second Ig expressed by developing B cells, alternative splicing of HC for IgM makes δ chain. Membrane bound, co-present with IgM on naive B cells. Secreted in resp. tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total strength of binding at MULTIPLE sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength of binding at a SINGLE site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant, longest lasting Ig. neutralizes toxins + viruses, opsonizes pathogens, preps for NK cells to kill, activates complement, cross placenta via active transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low concentration, binds mast cells. When antigen encountered, triggers degranulation and inflammation-->allergic rxn or response to parasite. Activates eosinophils too. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A naiive B cell may switch from IgM/IgD to IgG, IgA, or IgE. Always successful, after ag. encounter, involves AID, cytokines from CD4 T cells determine which class. |
|
|
Term
| IFN-gamma--> which Ig class? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TGF-Beta --> which Ig class? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determines whether an Ig protein is secreted or membrane bound |
|
Definition
| RNA processing (splicing). All isotypes can be either. |
|
|
Term
| Classical Complement Pathway (Adaptive) |
|
Definition
| C1q binds 2+ antibodies (IgM or IgG) --> C4bC2bC3b |
|
|
Term
| Alternative Complement Pathway (Innate) |
|
Definition
| C3b binds microbe --> factor D cleaves Factor B -->> C3bBbC3b |
|
|
Term
| Complement terminal pathway |
|
Definition
| C5 cleaved to C5a + C5b; C5b + C6 + C7 --> C8 joins and penetratees membrane --> C9 makes extra dead: C5a --> inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Covalent regulation of complement |
|
Definition
| C4b and C3b will get quickly hydrolized if they don't bind antibody or complement quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IFN-y, IL-12 (Tbet, Stat4 TFs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes IFNy; Control intracellular pathogens, tumors, mediate transplant rejections, make macrophages more active by secreting IFNy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretes IL-4 & IL-5; Induce B cells to switch classes & proliferate; mediated by CD40L, fight parasites; mediates allergic dx & asthma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TGFB + IL6 (in absence of IFN, IL-12, IL-4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recruit & stimulate neutrophils; important for antibacterial & antifungal infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TGFB, IL-2 (FoxP3, Stat 5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes TGF-B, IL-10; Expresses CD25 (a IL-2R) which soaks up the IL-2 and takes it away from activating other Th's, B cells, and macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B cells: follicle (attracted there by chemokines)
Antibodies / mature B cells in germinal center of follicle
T cells in paracortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CCR7
-recognizes chemokines from lymph & spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Source: macrophages, T cells Target: recruit neutrophils Synthesize acute phase proteins in liver cause inflammation & coagulation in endothelial cells (upregulate selectins integrins) increase muscle & fat catabolism -> cachexia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells
Target:
recruit neutrophils
upregulation of selectins & integrins in endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
source: macrophages & dendritic cells
Target: Increase integrin affinity of leukocytes for endothelial binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: macrophages, dendritic cells
Target: NK cells, T cells
-Increase IFN-y production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: NK cells, T cells
Target: activates macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells
Target: inhibits IL-12 production & reduces expression of MHCII's (Suppresses inflammation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: alpha - dendritic & macrophages; beta - fibroblasts
Target: increase MHC I expression & activate NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Macrophages, endothelial cells ,T cells
Target: synthesis acute phase proteins in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: Macrophages
Target: NK cell & T cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: macrophages
Target: Increase IFN-y production (From NK & T cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits inflammation & promotes T-regs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemotactic for neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mannose binding lectin (MBL) - binds carbs to target them for phagocytosis
CRP - binds phosphocholine & targets for phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| 'Second signal' mechanism |
|
Definition
T cells: Signal 1 = antigen
signal 2 = macrophages that encounter microbe express B7, which binds to CD28 receptor on naive T cell. IL-12 also produced to stimulate T cell differentiation & proliferation
B-cells: Microbe activates complement system - C3d becomes bound to microbe. B cells recognize antigen + C3d --> proliferation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promotes entry into T cell zones of lymph nodes
-Expressed by immature dendritic cells after microbe capture, so that MHC can present to T cells
-Expressed by naive T cells so that they concentrate in one location as they circulate
-expressed by B cells after encountering antigen to move to margins & encounter Th cells |
|
|
Term
| Cross-presentation (cross-priming) |
|
Definition
| dendritic cells ingest other infected cells & present antigen to CD4 & CD8 T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the recombination & cuts out all the unneeded sequences in VDJ / VJ recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inserts new nucleotide sequences into sites of V(D)J recombination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins associated w membrane Ig that mediate signaling functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated w TCRs to mediate signaling functions |
|
|
Term
| 5 things that generate diversity in Ig & TCRs |
|
Definition
1. Multiple VH(β) and VL(α) genes in the germline
2. Combinatorial association - VDJ and VJ
3. Random assortment of heavy and light chains
4. Junctional diversity – CDR3, RAG enzyme, TdT
5. Somatic mutation – B cells only (after Ag exposure) |
|
|
Term
| hyper IgM immunodeficiency |
|
Definition
x-linked recessive
-lack CD40L, so can't activate B cells to switch classes; only get IgM production |
|
|
Term
| C1, C4, C2, C3 deficiency |
|
Definition
| Immune complex diseases, increased bacteria susceptibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hereditary angioneurotic edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FoxP3
Produce IL-10 & TGF-Beta to inhibit Th1 & Th2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutation in FoxP3 gene --> autoimmune disease in multiple organs |
|
|
Term
| Secretory eosinophil products |
|
Definition
| ROIs, collagenase, antigen presentation, cytokines, lipid mediators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Have FCeRI receptors (200,000) & need 10% bound for degranulation of heparin / histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IL-4 --> B cell activation & switching to IgE
IL-5 --> Eosinophil growth
IL-13 --> affects lung smooth muscle directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IL-7R & CD45 (need IL-7 & IL-15 to stay alive)
Effector: CCR7 low
Central: CCR7 high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 60-90% (depending on pathogen) of population needs to be vaccinated for whole population to receive benefit |
|
|
Term
| Features of an effective vaccine |
|
Definition
| Safe, perceived as safe, protective for at least a few years, low cost, stable, easy to administer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ex: MMR, Sabin polio vaccine, varicella zoster
Live virus that mimics real thing but lacks some central component.
Produces long-lasting immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Virus is dead. Not as effective
ex: Salk polio vaccine; tDAP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ex: H influenza
bacterial polysaccharide is attached to a protein toxin so that both antibodies & CD8 memory cells are made. And children can't make t-independent antibodies well, so need T cell involvement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of capsid / envelope protein of a virus
Ex: Hep B, HPV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antivenom is given as an antibody in an emergency since you don't have time to spare to mount immune response. Passive immunity |
|
|
