Term
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Definition
| plankton that can swim independent of water currents |
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Term
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Definition
| spend entire life as plankton |
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Term
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Definition
| autotrophic, contain photosynthetic pigments |
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Term
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Definition
| spend part of life as plankton |
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Term
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Definition
| heterotrophic, not capable of photosynthesis |
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Term
| How plankton deal with floating/sinking |
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Definition
1. alter body comp w/ less dense fluids
2. gas-filled flotation device/ swim bladder
3. incorp. fat/oil droplets
4. increase surface area
5. swim |
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Term
| How plankton deal with predation |
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Definition
1. Hide (transparency, structures)
2. Vertical migration
3. Escape (fast swimming)
4. Confuse (bioluminesce/aggregation) |
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Term
| How plankton deal with finding food |
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Definition
1. Locate food (detect scent & motion)
2. Remain in areas w/ food (sensory stimuli)
3. "Net" around body |
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Term
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Definition
| Cyanobacteria, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Coccolithophores |
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Term
"Sawdust of the Seas"
primary producers
fix Nitrogen (N2->NH3) |
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Definition
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Term
| single celled, red&green, capable of photosynth&ingest organic matter, 2 flagella, armored in cellulose plates |
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Definition
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Term
| Blooms (clog gills&cause anoxic conditions), Red tides, bioaccumulation of toxins |
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Definition
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Term
| single celled (occur in chains), silica wall, petri dish division, similar to animals |
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Definition
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Term
| Single celled, CaCO3, important in fossil record |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Radiolarians, Foraminiferans, crustaceans, jellies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Zooplankton: ambush predator |
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Definition
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Term
| Zooplankton: mucous "house" to filter water, efficient at removing small particles |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea, most abundant zooplankton |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| males chase other males, fin displays, twitch, color change, position in water |
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Term
| Resources fish compete for |
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Definition
| Space/shelter, territory (food, nursery, mating), mates, food |
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Term
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Definition
| one dominant male defending a territory, several smaller females reside within that territory |
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Term
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Definition
| Fewer attacks, foraged in preferred habitats (overwhelm damselfish) |
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Term
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Definition
| answers the strength of a linear association between paired variables. no indication of causation |
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Term
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Definition
| tells us form of linear association that *predicts* Y from X. R2: percent of variation in one variable predicted by other |
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Term
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Definition
| Good when mates are hard to find, biparental care, increased reprod. efficiency, monopolize high-quality mate |
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Term
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Definition
| increased fertilization rates, limits predation, genetic diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| infertile hybrids, single catastrophic event wipes out reprod effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| benthic (serg. maj, damselfish), broadcast spawning (pelagic or benthic) |
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Term
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Definition
| lays or spawns eggs (internal or external fertilization) |
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Term
| Aplacental viviparity (ovoviviparity) |
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Definition
internal development. feed on yolk sac, unfertilized eggs, other pups
ex. seahorse |
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Term
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Definition
true placental connection
ex. rockfish |
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Term
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Definition
males: number of mates
females: number of eggs (body size) |
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Term
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Definition
| staying the same sex for entire life |
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Term
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Definition
| simultaneous or sequential switching of sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| males first (clownfish, hamlets, morays) harem |
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Term
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Definition
| females first (gobies, damselfish), size advantage model |
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Term
| causes of high larval mortality |
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Definition
| env conditions (UV, temp, O2), no appropriate habitat, starvation, predation, competition |
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Term
| borders separating reef populations |
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Definition
| Isthmus of Panama, Tethys seaway, East Pacific Barrier |
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Term
| How mangroves adapt to salt |
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Definition
| Stomata, thickened cuticle, reverse osmosis, salt vacuoles, salt pores |
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Term
| How mangroves adapt to anoxia and frequent flooding |
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Definition
| pneumatophores (enable plants to breathe in waterlogged soil),prop roots (snorkels), aerial roots, lenticels (facilitate gas exchange), |
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Term
| Mangroves adaptations to high light |
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Definition
| heliotropism, synthesis of UV absorbing compounds (tannins) |
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Term
Holodule wrightii (shoal grass) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Syringodium filiforme (manatee grass) |
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Definition
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Term
| Halodule wrightii (shoal grass) |
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Definition
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Term
| Broadleaf seagrass: invasive |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of bioluminescent animals |
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Definition
| lanternfish, anglerfish, Firefly squid |
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Term
| The 4 F's of bioluminescence |
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Definition
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Term
| Defensive applications of bioluminescence |
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Definition
| Startle, smoke screen, burglar alarm, warning coloration |
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Term
| Offensive applications of bioluminescence |
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Definition
| lure prey, stun/confuse prey, illuminate prey |
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Term
| uses of Green fluorescent protein (6) |
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Definition
| Forensics, molecular marker, water flow in sponges, photography, leak detection, spotting coral recruits |
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Term
| Effects of invasive lionfish |
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Definition
| less apex predators, less mesopredators and herbivores, more seaweed, less coral |
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Term
| climate change and invasive species |
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Definition
| ocean warming expands spp. range |
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Term
| Effects of climate change on coral reefs |
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Definition
| ocean acidification, increase in surface temp, extreme weather events |
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Term
| Effects of ocean acidification |
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Definition
| lower calcification rates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parrotfish, urchins, sponges |
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Term
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Definition
| storms, natural processes |
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Term
| effects of increased surface temperature |
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Definition
| rising sea level (can reefs keep up?, bleaching, increased rate of pathogens |
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Term
| effects of storms on corals, mangroves/seagrass, fish, plankton, epi/endobenthic fauna, intertidal spp. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| physiological timing mechanism, allows organisms to anticipate and adapt to the day/night cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| periodically re-occurring specific conditions w/in an organism; typically in accordance w/ environmental cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental stimulus that serves as a synchronization cue |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular system capable of maintaining given biological rhythm *under free-running conditions (w/out zitgeber) |
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Term
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Definition
| synchronization of a clock w/ the respective environmental cycle |
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Term
| Indirect effects of apex predators |
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Definition
| Behavior modification, predatory release, trophic cascade |
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Term
| when reductions in the density of top predators causes a numerical increase of their prey |
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Definition
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