Term
| A common, preventable, treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive |
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Definition
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of their walls, without fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years after other causes of cough are ruled out |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhalation of noxious particles/gases; Pathologic changes in 4 lung compartments; Physiologic abnormalities |
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Term
| Inhalation of noxious particles/gases |
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Definition
| Inflammation (diff. than asthma); imbalance of proteinases and anti-proteinases; oxidative stress; genetic component |
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Term
| Pathologic changes in 4 lung compartments |
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Definition
| Central airways, peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, pulmonary vasculature |
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Term
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Definition
| goblet cell hypertrophy, enlarged submucosal glands, squamous metaplasia of epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| airway wall thickening, peribronchial fibrosis, airway narrowing, inflammatory exudates |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, loss of alveolar attachments |
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Term
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Definition
| intimal thickening, endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle hypertrophy |
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Term
| Physiologic abnormalities |
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Definition
| mucous hypersecretion, ciliary dysfunction; Airflow limitation, hyperinflation; gas exchange abnormalities; pulmonary hypertension,; systemic effects |
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Term
| Mucous hypersecretion, ciliary dysfunction |
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Definition
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Term
| Airflow limitation, hyperinflation |
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Definition
| expiratory, largely irreversible, measured by spirometry, hallmark of COPD |
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Term
| Gas exchange abnormalities |
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Definition
| occur in advanced disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle wasting, systemic inflammation |
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Term
| Airway remodeling, loss of elastic recoil, destruction of alveolar support, inflammatory exudates in airways, smooth muscle contraction, dynamic hyperinflation during exercise |
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Definition
| Airflow limitation, hyperinflation |
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Term
| Hypoxemia with/without hypercapnea, due to ventilation/perfusion alterations |
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Definition
| gas exchange abnormalities |
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Term
| hypoxic vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary arterial remodeling, loss of alveolar capillary bed, may lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and right heart failure (Cor Pulmonale) |
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Definition
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Term
| general treatment principles |
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Definition
| reduce symptoms, reduce risk |
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Term
| Components of COPD Management |
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Definition
1) Assess and Monitor Disease
2) Reduce Risk Factors
3) Manage Stable COPD
4) Manage Exacerbations |
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Term
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Definition
| Confirmed by an objective measure of airflow limitation-- spirometry; Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC less than 0.7 indicates airflow limitation that is not fully reversible |
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Term
| progressive, persistent, worse with exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| may be intermittent and non-productive |
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Definition
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Term
| any pattern may indicate COPD |
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Definition
| chronic sputum production |
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Term
| tobacco smoke, occupational exposure, smoke from home cooking/heating oils |
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Definition
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Term
| FEV1 % predicted at least 80 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breathlessness measurement using the modified British Medical Research Council questionnaire |
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Term
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Definition
| COPD assessment test, measure of health status impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| history of exacerbations is best predictor of future events |
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Term
| Low risk, less symptoms (GOLD 1-2) |
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Definition
| Category A; 1 or less exacerbations per year |
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Term
| Low risk, more symptoms (Gold 1-2) |
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Definition
| Category B; 1 or less exacerbations per year |
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Term
| High risk, less symptoms (Gold 3-4) |
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Definition
| Category C; 2 or more exacerbations per year |
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Term
| High risk, more symptoms (Gold 3-4) |
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Definition
| Category D; 2 or more exacerbations per year |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mMRC at least 2; CAT at least 10 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mMRC at least 2; CAT at least 10 |
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Term
| Additional diagnostic studies |
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Definition
| chest x-ray; arterial blood gases, electrocardiogram; hemoglobin/hematocrit;alpha1 antitrypsin levels; bronchodilator/steroid reversibility testing |
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Term
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Definition
| smoking cessation, minimize occupational exposures, indoor/outdoor air pollution, immunizations |
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Term
| can reduce serious illness and death |
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Definition
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Term
| benefits less clear, decrease pneumonia |
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Definition
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Term
| Persistent airflow limitation in COPD |
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Definition
| vs. intermittent obstruction in asthma |
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Term
| dramatic beta-agonist response in asthma |
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Definition
| vs. moderate response in COPD |
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