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Cooper Chapter 2
STAFMEDS
50
Psychology
Graduate
05/20/2017

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Behavior
Definition

An observable, measurable movement of some part of the body through space and time.

 

If a dead man cannot do it, it is behavior.

Term
Response
Definition

A specific instance of behavior.

 

"Action of an organism's effector".

Term
Response Class
Definition

A group of responses with the same function.

 

Each response produces the same effect on the enviroment.

 

R1____S1

R2______S1

R3_________S1

Term
Repertoire
Definition

All of the behaviors that a person can do.

or

A set or collection of knowledge and skills a person has learned that are relevant to particular settings or task.

 

All the behavior an organism is capable of emitting on the basis of species and environmental history

Term
Environment
Definition
All of the events and stimuli that affect the behavior of an organism. Thenvironment includes events "inside the skin" like thinking, hormonal changes, and pain stimulation.
Term
Stimulus
Definition

A physical object or event that has an effect on the behavior of an individual. Stimuli may be internal (e.g., pressure, pain, covert statements) or external to the person. Stimuli that frequently are arranged in behavior analysis programs include reinforcing stimuli, aversive stimuli, and discriminative stimuli.

 

 

Term
Stimulus Class
Definition

 To any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of those dimensions. Stimuli that vary across physical dimensions but have a common effect on behavior.

 

R1_____S1

R2_____S1

R3_____S1

Term
Antecedent
Definition
To enviromental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest.
Term
Reflex
Definition
The organism's genetic endowment, a product of natural evolution becuase of its survival value to the species. A relationship between an eliciting stimulus and an elicited response such as the contraction of the pupil of the eye as a result of shining light on it.
Term
Respondent Behavior
Definition
An behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. (RESPONDENT, UNCONDITIONED REFLEX, CONDITIONED REFLEX). 
Term
Respondent Conditioning
Definition

A new stimulis elicting a response based on a history of association with a biologically important stimulus.

 

Pavlov Dogs

 

NS + US(metronome+food powder)_____UR (salivation)

Repeated

Term
Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing
Definition
A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Definition

A stimulus that elicts the wanted response without pairing.

 

US(Food powder)_____UR (Salivation)

 

Term
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Definition

Stimulus that has no response from the organism.

 

NS(Metronome)______UR(Salivation)

Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition

The stimulus that can elicts the response from the organism after pairing.

 

Metronome sounds made the dogs salivate without food powder.

Term
Condition Reflex
Definition

The organisms response to the conditioned stimulus after pairing

 

NS(metronome) turn into US_____UR (salivation)turns into CR

Term
Respondent Extinction
Definition

The procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US) until the CS no longer elicits the conditioned response (CR)

 

CS(metronome)_____CR (salivation)

Reapted

CS(metronome)_____no response

Term
Higher Order Conditioning
Definition
Is the stimulus-stimulus conditioning which pairs a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus(CS).
Term
Operant Behavior
Definition
Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of this type of behavior is a product of his history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny).
Term
Selection by Consequences
Definition

The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; the basic tenet is that all forms of (operant) behavior, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's life time.


 

 Darwin's concept of natural selection

Touch the stove___burn hand___doesnt touch stove again

Term
Phylogeny
Definition

The development or evolutionary history of a species.

 

Darwin's Theory

Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future.
Term
Reinforcer
Definition

A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

Term
Punisher
Definition
A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
Term
Automaticity of Reinforcement
Definition
The behavior that is modified by it's consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware of reinforcement.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition

Occurs when a stimulus is applied changing the frequency of the behavior in the future. 

 

Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition

Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

 

+stimulus___<Behavior

Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition

Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

 

-Stimulu____>Behavior

Term
Aversive Stimulus
Definition

A stimulus change or condition that functions

a). to evoque a behavior that has terminated in the past;

b). as a punisher when presented following behavior,

c). as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior.

 

Term
Extinction
Definition
The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e. responses no longer produce reinforcement)
Term
Punishment
Definition
When a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decrease the future frequency of that type behavior.
Term
Unconditoned Reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. 
Term
A Principle of Behavior
Definition
Behavior is largely a product of its environment.  Behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.
Term
Behavior Change Tactic
Definition
A research-based, technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic princples of behavior and that possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behavior to warrant its condification and dissemination.
Term
Motivating Operation (MO)
Definition

An environmental variable that

a). alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event.

b). alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event.

Term
Deprivation
Definition
The act of not having a stimulus for a "long" period of time o a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (eg. withholding a person's access to a reinforcer for a specified period of time prior to a session)
Term
Satiation
Definition
The act of having a stimulus for a sigificant amount of time or quantity procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (eg. presenting a person with copious amounts of a reinforcing stimulus prior to a session)
Term
Uncoditioned Punisher
Definition
A stimulus that decrease the future frequncy of behavior without pairing.
Term
Conditioned Reinforcers
Definition
A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer.
Term
Conditioned Punishers
Definition
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher.
Term
Discriminated Operant
Definition
A behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than other conditions.
Term
Stimlus Control
Definition
A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.
Term
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
Definition

The andecedent that has been pair to "trigger" a behavior.

 

The phone rings; You answer the phone

Term
Three-Term Contingency
Definition
The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence the ABC of ABA.
Term
Contingency
Definition
Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.
Term
Contingent
Definition
Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.
Term
Ontogeny
Definition
The study of the events that happen during the life of an organism.
Term
History of Reinforcement
Definition
An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire.
Term
Consequence
Definition
A stimus change that follows a behavior of interest and has a significant influence on future behavior.
Term
Habituation
Definition
The process of a gradually diminished response strength.
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