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Control of Locomotion Across the Lifespan
Test 2
42
Physiology
Graduate
07/31/2011

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Term
When should a child develop moving from sidelying to supine?
Definition
1-2 months
Term
When should a child develop moving from supine to sidelying?
Definition
4-5 months
Term
When should a child develop moving from prone to supine?
Definition
~4 months
Term
When should a child develop moving from supine to prone?
Definition
6-8 months
Term
A child should progress from __ type to rolling to __ rolling.
Definition
Log rolling to segmental rolling
Term
Moving forward or backwrds by pushing and pulling with the extremities while the abdomen is in contact with the support surface.
Definition
Crawling
Term
Locomotion pattern characterized by elevation of the abdomen off the support surface.
Definition
Creeping
Term
Young children of what age use the adult like pattern for sit to stand?
Definition
12-18 months
Term
When young children are performing sit to stand they are less efficient especially when terminating the movement. What 2 things do they do?
Definition
Rise up on toes
Take a step
Term
Name the 3 requirements for gait.
Definition
Progression
Stability
Adaptation
Term
The progression stage of gait; innate pattern generator produces basic pattern.
Definition
Birth
Term
The stance stability stage of gait; development of descending influences allow child to control their stance.
Definition
1st year
Term
The time when the child develops adaptability of gait.
Definition
2 years and on
Term
Present in the first months after birth, then "disappears", present again at walking age (10 mo)
Definition
Stepping behavior
Term
Characterized by synchronous joint movements and ms activity with coactivation
Definition
Infant stepping/early locomotion
Term
With stepping, the neural code/pattern is present, changes in other systems (name 2) lead to changes in stepping behavior.
Definition
Body mass
Strength
Term
Spatial and temporal similarities between supine kicking and stepping patterns, yet kicking persists when __ disappears
Definition
Stepping
Term
__ influences allow better control of stepping acivity
Definition
Descending
Term
The limiting factor for independent walking
Definition
Balance and maybe strength
Term
Changes in walking gait especially over the first 3 years of life, and continued improvements until __ years
Definition
7
Term
Infants learn what surfaces afford safe locomotion BUT there is no carryover from __ to __
Definition
Creeping
Walking
Term
__ develops later than walking, likely secondary to need for increased strength and balance.
Definition
Running
Term
Asymmetrical gait with unusual timing
Definition
Gallup
Term
Requires strength and balance to stand on one limb
Definition
Hoppin
Term
Requires increased locomotor coordnation
Definition
Skipping
Term
With chilren, postural responses to perturbation are adult-like but slower, they become faster with age and mature around what year?
Definition
4
Term
Stepping to regain balance begins to develop within the first 1 to 3 months of walking, this is relatively refind by __ months of walking.
Definition
6 months
Term
These are used during gait development but do not mature until later childhood.
Definition
Proactive strategies
Term
Do their appear to be changes in gait in healthy elderly?
Definition
yes (table 13-2)
Term
Name the 4 influences on the changes in locomotion with aging.
Definition
1. Balance
2. Leg ms strength
3. Changes in sensory input
4. Cognitive factors (fear of falling)
Term
Name 3 proactive adaptations that occur with aging.
Definition
1. Visual sampling (elderly monitor terrain more)
2. Implementation time (Elderly have difficulty adapting step length)
3. Obstace avoidance (elderly use slower approach speed, slower crossing speed, and short step length)
Term
35-47% of falls; key is quick reactions of hip flexors in swing limb and hamstrings PF in stance; older adults produce ms activity slower than healthy young adults when this occurs.
Definition
Trips
Term
27-32% of falls; delayed and weaker ms responses (rectus, abdominals, tib ant)
Definition
Slips
Term
Name some cognitive factors that have a role impairments in gait of elders.
Definition
1. Performing secondary task while walking; limiting capacity to perform either task requiring increased attention; limited info processing capacity
2. Fear of falling; predictors include preferred walking pace, anxiety level, and depression. Slower they walk, they more anxious they have become
Term
Name 3 predictors of falls in the elderly.
Definition
1. Variability in stride length
2. Extreme step width variability
3. Both strength and balance impairments
Term
Name some sensory impairments that have a role impairments in gait of elders.
Definition
1. Slower processing of sensory info, deficits in sensory systems
2. Difficulty recognizing postural tilt; poor proproception, may rely more on vision
Term
Name a neuromuscular factor that has an role impairments in gait of elders.
Definition
Muscle weakness
- ankle strength decreases beginning in the 60s
Term
Name some musculoskeletal factors that have a role impairments in gait of elders.
Definition
1. Decreased ROM
- anke jts and spine
2. Pain
Term
The highest proportion of falls in public places are __
Definition
On stairs, usually during descent
Term
Requires a larger foot clearance, and highly dependent on vision
Definition
Stair walking
Term
- Increased leg and trunk flexion and initiation
- Higher movement velocity to initiate movement (increased momentum)
- Slower movement velocity when rising (weakness)
- Minimize forward body displacement with stand to sitting (fall into chair)
Definition
Sit to Stand (no armrests)
Term
When will a person use the zero momentum strategy in sit to stand?
Definition
1. Use of armrests available
2. Fear of forward displacment
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