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Control of growth - easy
Microbiology final, Mission College, Biosc 4
39
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/16/2008

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Cards

Term
positive control
Definition
you want to make microbes grow: industrial fermentation
Term
negative control
Definition
you want to destroy microbes
Term
sterilization
Definition
killing of all lifeforms including endospores in the object or on the surface
Term
disinfection
Definition
  • destruction of vegetative pathogens but not endospores
  • used on inanimate objects
Term
sepsis
Definition
presence of pathogens or their toxins in tissues or blood
Term
antisepsis
Definition
destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue
Term
degerming
Definition
mechanical removal of microbes from the skin
Term
sanitization
Definition
  • mechanical removal of pathogens from pubic eating utensils and objects
  • reduces # of microbes to Public Health standards
Term
-cide
Definition
suffix given to an agent that kills
Term
How does a "-cide" agent work?
Definition
by denaturing proteins (irreversible)
Term
6 physical agents that control microbial growth
Definition
  • heat
  • low temperatures
  • filtration
  • sonication
  • desiccation
  • radiation

 

Term
How does heat control microbial growth?
Definition
By denaturing proteins
Term
Thermal death point
Definition
lowest temp at which all microbes will be killed in 10 minutes
Term
thermal death time
Definition
shortest length of time required to kill all microbes at a specific temperature
Term
How does moist heat compare to dry heat?
Definition
more effective and more penetrating than dry heat

Term
Boiling at 100*C for 30 min
Definition

kills all microorganisms except some endospores

 

(sterilization) 

Term
Boiling at 100*C for 10 min.
Definition

kills most vegetative cells but not spores

 

(disinfection) 

Term
What is autoclaving?
Definition
  • steam under pressure
  • application of moist heat above the normal-atmosphere boiling point of water
Term
How does autoclaving control microbial growth?
Definition
kills all forms of life including endospores
Term
Pasteurization: what is it and what is its limitation?
Definition
  • use of moist heat of less-than boiling temperatures to foods to prevent the growth of food-spoiling organisms
  • does not kill all microbes
Term
How does application of dry heat compare to moist heat?
Definition
requires higher temps than moist heat to result in sterilization

Term

Baking: 2 common sterilizing treatments

 

 

Definition

Baking in hot air oven at 160* C for 2-4 hours

or

170* for 1 hour

 

are common sterilizing treatments 

Term
Incineration
Definition

vaporizing organic material on nonflammable surfaces

(<500* C)

 

ex: flaming loops 

Term

low temperatures: what does it do?

Definition
  • slow down bacterial metabolism
  • bacteriostatic effect
Term
Refrigeration
Definition
short term solution that slows the growth of organisms rather than preventing it
Term
freezing
Definition
  • delays organisms' metabolism
  • pathogens can survive in freezer
Term
What is filtration and why would you use it instead of using heat?
Definition
  • physical removal of all cells in a liquid or gas
  • for sterilizing solutions that would be denatured by heat
Term
What is the limitation of filtration?
Definition
toxins can still pass
Term
Common uses of filtration (4)
Definition
  1. water testing
  2. in pools and aquariums
  3. for beer and wine production
  4. high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters
Term
Sonication
Definition
ultrasonic waves are transmitted through a

water-filled chamber (sonicator) that causes

cells to burst
Term

Dessication and osmotic pressure:

what is it?

Definition
drying - removal of water

Term
What is dessication used for?
Definition
used to preserve foods
Term
7 chemical agents that control microbial growth
Definition
  • alcohols
  • iodine
  • chlorine gas
  • heavy metals
  • surfactants
  • phenolic compounds
  • chemical food preservatives
Term
5 principles of effective disinfection
Definition
  1. concentration of disinfectant
  2. organic matter
  3. pH
  4. time
  5. type of microorganism
Term
alcohols: examples and uses
Definition
  • ethanol, isopropanol
  • antiseptic used on skin (degerming)
  • to disinfect glass instruments 
Term
heavy metals: what does it do? 4 examples and its uses
Definition
  • denatures proteins
  • silver nitrate - to treat the eyes of newborns
  • copper sulfate - to treat ponds as an anti-algal
  • selenium - anti-fungals
  • zinc - in mouthwash 
Term
two uses of surfactants
Definition

skin antiseptics

 

disinfectants

Term
phenolic compounds are what at low concentrations and what at high concentrations?
Definition
antiseptics at low concentrations

disinfectants at high concentrations

Term
active ingredient of phenolic compounds
Definition
lysol
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