Term
| gas or radiopaque substance that is injected into the body, via catheter or swallowed, in order to image internal structures |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| contrast media is used because: |
|
Definition
| most organs and blood vessels have xray absorption similar to surrounding tissues |
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|
Term
| an inert organic metallic salt of the chemical element barium |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| barium sulfate is used exlusively for radiography of the ___ |
|
Definition
| GI tract, orally or rectally |
|
|
Term
| concentrated liquid suspension is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| contrast agents are supplied in form of a ___ for studies of pharynx and esophagus |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| allergies related to barium sulfate are almost never a problem, except if the preparations contain: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the principle problem with barium complications |
|
Definition
| its hygroscopic nature (can cause a bowel obstruction in patients with restricted bowel action) |
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|
Term
| barium sulfate will be contra-indicated if ___ is suspected |
|
Definition
| rupture of GI tract (perforated ulcer/ ruptured appendix) |
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Term
| iodinated media has an atomic number of __ and a mass of __, and is ___ compared to the composition of the body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
most frequently used contrast agent other than barium
used when barium sulfate may be contra-indicated |
|
Definition
| water soluable (aqueous) iodinated compounds |
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Term
| unlike barium, an advantage of compounds are that they: |
|
Definition
| absorb into the bloodstream |
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|
Term
| a disadvantage of compounds are that they are more ___ and produce less ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| do not use compounds if a ___ connecting ___ and ___ is suspected |
|
Definition
fistula
esophagus, trachea |
|
|
Term
| the concentration required depends largely on ____ |
|
Definition
| the degree to which it will be diluted by body fluids |
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|
Term
| ___ concentrations are needed for studies of the aorta |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| greater concentrations have a ___ viscosity and osmolality and tend to be more ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of particles in solution per kilogram of water |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| human blood is about ___ milliosmoles per kilogram |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the main reason for adverse reactions |
|
Definition
| injecting IV solution that exceeds the osmolality of human blood |
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|
Term
| some contrast media molecules dissociate into ___ charged particles when placed into solution, resulting in ____ osmolality |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| media whose molecules disassociate are |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ethiodized oils are used in ____ and used to evaluate the clinical extent of lymphomas |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| oil based iodine media should be ____ in color when they are fresh |
|
Definition
| clear with pale amber or yellow |
|
|
Term
| ___ have replaced oily media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| barium and iodine compounds provide ___ contrast because they absorb more radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| air and gases produce __ contrast and dark shadows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when used in combination for double-contrast studies, the barium _____ and the air _____ |
|
Definition
coats the mucosal lining
fills the lumen |
|
|
Term
ordinarily used to treat hypoglycemia, but used as a diagnostic aid in examinations of GI tract because it slows peristalsis
preferred over atropine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patients with food and airborne allergies are ___ as likely to have a reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asthma sufferers are ___ times as likely to have reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| severe reactions occur in _____ cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fatal reactions occur in ___ cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a mild reaction will occur within ___ minutes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of a mild reactions |
|
Definition
warm feeling
feeling flush
metallic taste in mouth
nausea, vomiting, coughing |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of intermediate reaction |
|
Definition
erythema
hives
bronchospasms
vasovaga |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of a severe reaction |
|
Definition
anaphylactic shock
cardiac arrest
seizures
hypotension |
|
|
Term
| most frequently used antihistamine |
|
Definition
| benadryl (diphenhydramine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
25-50 mg orally
10-50 mg IV/IM
can be increased to 100 mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| maximum safe dose of benadryl in 24 hour period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stimulates heart and sympathetic nervous system
administered subcutaneously or IM/IV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medications used to treat allergic reactions |
|
Definition
-benadryl
-short acting corticosteroids
-epinephrine
-methylprednisolone |
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|
Term
| exams should be scheduled in this order: |
|
Definition
1. all exams not requiring contrast
2. urinary tract
3. biliary system
4. lower GI
5. upper GI |
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