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Continuous Math Notes
Definitions.
44
Mathematics
Undergraduate 4
10/06/2009

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Term
point
Definition
a specific location in space
Term
line
Definition
an infinite propagation of consecutive points extending in both directions
Term
line segment
Definition
subset of aline that contains 2 end points and all points between those two points
Term
ray
Definition
subset of a line that contains the endpoint and all points on the line on one side of the point
Term
plane
Definition
flat, 2D surface extending infinitely in all directions
Term
parallel lines
Definition
2 distinct coplanar lines that have no points in common
Term
skew lines
Definition
lines that do not intersect and there is no place that contains them
Term
angle
Definition
the union of 2 rays with a common endpoint
Term
adjacent angles
Definition
angles that share a common vertext and side and do not have overlapping interiors
Term
straight angle
Definition
180
Term
polygonal curve (polygon)
Definition
simple closed curve composed of line segments
Term
congruent
Definition
same size, same shape
Term
regular polygon
Definition
polygons in which all the interior angles are congruent and all sides are congruent
Term
diagonals of a polygon
Definition
a line segment connecting non-consecutive vertices of a polygon
Term
triangle
Definition
3 sided polygon
Term
square
Definition
a rectangle with 2 adjacent sides congruent (or, a quadrilateral with 4 riht angles and 4 congruent sides)
Term
reflex angle
Definition
companion angle whose measure is greater than 180

(for example, the regular angle is 120, the reflex angle would be 240, makes a complete circle, equals 360)
Term
supplementary angle
Definition
angles whose sum of measure is 180 (or, angles whose union produces a straight line)
Term
complementary angle
Definition
angles whose sum of measure is 90
Term
vertical angles
Definition
angles which...

1. are formed by 2 intersecting lines
2. share a vertex
3. do not share a side
Term
deductive proof
Definition
given
prove
proof
justification
Term
justifications
Definition
- addition property of equations (if a=b then a+c=b+c)
- subtraction property of equations (if a=b then a-c=b-c)
- substituion property of equations (if a=b then each may be a substitute for another)
Term
addition property of equations
Definition
if a=b then a+c=b+c
Term
subtraction property of equations
Definition
if a=b then a-c=b-c
Term
substitution property of equations
Definition
if a=b then each may be a substitute for another
Term
parallel postulate
Definition
1 / 2
------
3 / 4
5 / 6
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7 / 8

external angles: 1, 2, 7, 8
alternate exterior: (1, 8), (2, 7)
alternate interior: (3, 6), (4, 5)
corresponding: (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 8)
Term
solid
Definition
a closed 3D shape made of surfaces and an interior
Term
polyhedron
Definition
a solid whose surfaces are polygons
Term
face
Definition
each polygonal surface region (bases, lateral faces)
Term
vertex
Definition
intersection of at least 3 faces
Term
edge
Definition
intersection of exactly 2 faces
Term
Platonic solids (regular solid polyhedra)
Definition
cube
tetrahedron
octahedron
dodecahedron
icosahedron
Term
Euler's formula
Definition
v + f - e = 2
Term
n-gon pyramid
Definition
v f e
n+1 n+1 2n
Term
n-gon prism
Definition
v f e
2n n+2 3n
Term
cube
Definition
v f e
8 6 12
Term
tetrahedron
Definition
v f e
4 4 6
Term
octahedron
Definition
v f e
6 8 12
Term
dodecahedron
Definition
v f e
20 12 30
Term
icosahedron
Definition
v f e
12 20 30
Term
How many lines can be drawn through N points, no 3 of which are collinear?
Definition
n * (n-1)
--------
2
Term
Sum of interior angles of an n-gon?
Definition
(n-2)180
Term
Sum of exterior angles of an n-gon?
Definition
always 360
Term
Determine the number of diagonals in an n-gon.
Definition
n(n-3)
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2
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