Term
| Key Principle of Functionalism |
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Definition
| - functional actions persist, rewarded actions get repeated. |
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Term
| Seven statements of Homan's exchange theory |
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Definition
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Term
| What does rational choice mean by maximizing interest? |
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Definition
highest joint value (utility X probability)
ex: 10 utility X .2 probability = 2 joint value
-People are more likely to do it alone if they have all the resources (low risk)
-people are likely to interact if others control some of the resources needed to max interest (med risk)
-people are likely to obey someone if they expect to be much better off by doing so.. or much worse off by not doing so (high risk) |
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Term
| What is the difference between functional and exchange theory of inequality? |
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Definition
functional- 1. need: allocation & performance, 2. functional importance (if position is higher importance, the equality differs) 3. scarcity: short supply of qualified workers 4. inequality
exchange- 1. value- people value cures 2. reward history- doctors can cure 3. alternative sources- short supply 4. power- if few can provide what many wants, they can demand high rewards |
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Term
| What are the measurement problems in exchange theory? |
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Definition
Actions- no problem
Rewards (love. respect. appreciation)- social are ambiguous
Value (tautology- true by definition)- infer from actions |
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Term
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Definition
| equity experiments- 2 people work on task, 3rd person rewards both when finished. rewarder makes sure both people worked equally |
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Term
| Blau's dialectical dilemmas in exchange (and examples of these dilemmas) |
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Definition
how impressive
how much praise
when to committ
****i dont knw the last one |
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Term
| Comparison level and what's missing in Homans' exchange theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is trust important in social exchanges? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do balanced exchange relationships change over time? |
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Definition
-people change
-situation change
-rewards change
-alternative situations are brought forward |
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Term
| The effects of proximity and indirect exchange on Milgram's experiments and it's implications for explanations based on moral development |
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Definition
Effects- when the person is in close proximity, they are most likely to listen to the boss. If they aren't directly there, people are more likely to rebel and go back to social norms
stage 1- blind obedience
stage 2- socially approved values
stage 3- ethical principles |
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Term
| direct vs. indirect exchanges |
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Definition
indirect- only work because they are apart of larger exchange networks, smooth indirect exchanges require opposite treatment from direct exchanges
direct-reciprocation is confined to the two actors. One social actor provides value to another one and the other reciprocates |
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Term
| Prisioner's dilemma and what it reveals about rational choices and norms |
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Definition
Prisioner's dilemma- if two criminals are on trial, they will get the option to testify against their partner, if one testifies, he will get off easy and the other will get a harsh punishment. But if they both testify against each other, they will be both punished harshly.
what it reveals- the criminal wants to do what will be in their best interest. They will weigh the possible outcomes to see what will be best. |
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Term
| Blau's analysis of maximized interest and ingroup preferences in his network theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Findings on friendship in Manhattan housing project |
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Definition
| they became friends with those who were close proximity to them (variable proximity) neighbors |
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Term
| The meaning of parts in symbolic interactionism, functionalism |
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Definition
parts = groups = categories
ex: gender, race, ethnicity and age
parts = positions = attributes
ex: men & women, black white hispanic, etc |
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Term
| Blau's logic applied to getting high school teachers to collaborate |
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Definition
| proximity. teachers from different departments had offices near each other. this created friendships |
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Term
| Geertsen's strategy in finding a home in So. Cal |
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Definition
| he found areas where there were large populations of children playing outside. |
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Term
| Four factors in Blau's macrostructural theory |
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Definition
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Term
| What does intersection mean and how does it reduce the effects of differences? |
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Definition
interactions between multiple groups.
ex: different minorities getting together reduce specific in group groupthink. |
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Term
| The consequences of intersection vs consolidation for social interaction? |
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Definition
intersection- lead to diverse intergroup ties with frequent minor conflicts--- integration & conflict are the result of frequent social contact
consolidated- lead to cohesive in groups with multiple similarities |
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Term
| Causes and characteristics of groupthink and possible way to reduce it |
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Definition
groupthink- when a group wants to keep peace by conforming thoughts and actions to please group.
They try to minimize group conflict
ethnocentrism
pressures toward conformity |
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Term
| restricted vs. elaborated language codes |
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Definition
restricted- when people dont finish answering question because someone else does (simple verb sentences)
elaborated- elaborate small details |
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Term
| The effects of ingroup and intergroup contacts on language, ethnocentrism, group think, etc. |
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Definition
ingroup- ethnocentrism, closed thinking, tunnel vision
intergroup- 1) people w/ many intergroup ties, have less tunnel vision (association) 2) an increase in an individuals intergroup ties will decrease their tunnel vision (causation) |
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Term
| Strengths and weaknesses of ingroup (strong) vs. outgroup (weak) ties |
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Definition
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Term
| Parochial vs. cosmopolitan influences on culture and thinking: Suchman vs. Geertsen |
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Definition
Cosmopolitan- more complex. low utilization, and delays seeing doctor because of medical skepticism if at all.
Parochial- actions are dependent on others (family, friendship and ethnic exclusivity) |
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Term
| Collin's views on the different ways of exercising power and the disadvantages of each approach |
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Definition
conflict theory- FORCE- punish non compliance (problem: reduced initiative leads to minimal effort)
exchange theory- REWARD- reward compliance (problem: increasingly higher rewards for less work)
functionalism- RITUALIZE- share responsibilities (problem: considerable time needed to sustain)
Symbolic Interaction- FOCUS- make compliance implicit (problem: reduced ability to solve problems)
Network theory- INGROUP TIES- promote dependence (problem: strong ingroups block opportunities) |
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Term
| The social network approach to excercising power and its disadvantage |
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Definition
approach: promote group dependence
problem: block opportunities for networking with outgroup ties |
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Term
| Commitment strategies in successful groups |
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Definition
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Term
| Social network variations (conditions) in key theoretical insights of other four theories |
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Definition
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Term
| A sociology (contextual anaylsis) of Sociological Theory |
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Definition
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Term
| Postmodern views of society and science |
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Definition
Also called New Age Sociology
knowledge is relative to, and contingent on the circumstances in which it was generated. Science is just one of many possible narratives
1: the post modern media driven world changes social organization and the way individuals relate to world.
2: two constrasting views of science: a) some challenge the pretense of scientific knowledge, especially in sociology b) others see science as the dominating force in the post modern world. |
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Term
| Foucault's views on power |
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Definition
| knowledge is power. power in the postmodern age is being diffused due to explosive access to knowledge. |
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Term
| Baudrillard's view of postmodern society |
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Definition
we are increasingly filling our world with simulations of reality and making them for reality itself, cannot distinguish b/w the simulation and real. the result is a hyperreality.
Ex: sex becomes a hyperreality b/c of the viewing of porn |
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Term
| what is rational choice theory? |
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Definition
| actors make rational choices b/w alternatives to maximize their interest. |
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Term
| the enduring truth of exchange theory |
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Definition
-inequities- getting undeserved outcomes
-research findings- people participating in inequitable relationships show signs of distress
- conclusions- rewards should match investments; that is, deep down people are most satisfied when 1) they deserve what they get, 2) they get what they deserve |
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Term
| Key principle of conflict theory |
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Definition
leaders who reward followers, gain acceptance
-- power becomes authority
--- leaders who fail to reward followers, are opposed
- domination leads to conflict |
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Term
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Definition
persons who are similar = higher probability/lower utility
persons who are different = lower probability/ uncertain utility |
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Term
| what is the common theme in sociology? |
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Definition
| all actions and interactions are influenced profoundly by social context |
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Term
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Definition
| symbolic meanings tend to be self-confirmed b/c of tunnel-vision in interpretations and assumptions |
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Term
| key discovery functionalism |
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Definition
| consequences of social action always exceed what was intended due to multiple levels of impact. |
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Term
| key discovery conflict theory |
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Definition
| social life is full of dialectical paradoxes b/c most expanding actions have hidden social disadvantages |
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Term
| key discovery of exchange theory |
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Definition
| equitable exchanges are the most satisfying b/c most people prefer to get what they deserve. |
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Term
| key discovery of social network |
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Definition
| a balance b/w ingroup and outgroup social contacts blends security w/ opportunities |
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