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| The study of the values and guidelines by which we live. |
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| The application of normative ethics to actual cases |
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| Theoretical ethics(metaethics) |
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| The justification of values and guidelines by which we live |
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| A conceptual framework for explaining a set of facts or concepts |
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| Theory that humans are superior to and separate from other animals |
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| Morality is invented or created by people and therefor can vary from time to time and from person to person |
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| Universalism(objectivist moral theories) |
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| There are fundamental, objective moral principles and values that are universally true for all people, independent of their personal beliefs or culture. |
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| The theory that morality is relative to societal norms |
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| Individual people create their own morality |
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| Believe that standards of right and wrong are created by people |
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| There is disagreement among cultures regarding moral values |
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| Draws a conclusion about what ought to be, based on what is. |
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| Coined by George Orwell, describes people that simultaneously hold two contradictory views and believe both to be true. |
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| Moral values that apply only to members of a particular culture culture |
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| Beings who have moral worth |
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| Someone, or something, has moral value only because society grants this status |
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| Women, homosexuals, minorities |
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| Stages of Moral Development |
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| Preconventional(self-centered) conventional(self sacrificing for society) Postconventional(balances others needs with own) |
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| Something is moral just because God says it is. |
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| God commands something because it is moral |
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| A normative or moral theory about how things ought to be. Humans act in their own best interest |
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| Descriptive theory about how things are. Humans by naturae are selfish |
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| A society that is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Said by Thomas Hobbs. |
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| Believe that humans are genetically programmed to act in ways that further their own self interests. |
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| Morality of an action or policy is determined solely by its consequences |
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| Beings who are capable of feeling pleasure and pain |
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| A moral ideal or prescription of how we ought to treat all sentient beings |
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| Regard duty (doing what's right for its own sake) as the basis of morality |
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| Kant's fundamental moral principle. Framework for deriving moral maxims or duties. |
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| Universal moral duties that may on occasion be overridden by stronger moral claims. |
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| A Buddhist version of the principle of nonmaleficence and is the most fundamental moral principle in Buddhist ethics. |
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| Duties arising from past commitments and promises |
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| Duties based on past favors and unearned services |
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| Duties that stem from past harms to others |
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| The duty to give each person equal consideration |
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| The duty to improve our knowledge and virtue. |
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| Punishment for wrongdoing in proportion to the magnitude of the crime. |
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| The fair distribution of benefits and burdens in a society. |
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| A conceptual device where everyone is ignorant of the advantages or disadvantages he or she will receive in this life. |
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| When moral duties and moral concerns conflict |
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| THe right to receive certain social goods such as education, medical care, and police protection |
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| Entail the right to be left alone to pursue our legitimate interests without interference |
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| Interests that do not violate other people's similar and equal interests |
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| The freedom to make our own decisions |
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| Getting used to behavior or surrounding stimuli |
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| Virtues entail finding the mean between excess and deficiency. |
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| Emphasize caring over considerations of justice and impartiality |
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