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Contemporary Health Issues
Midterm
93
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
11/06/2013

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
social networking
Definition
The interaction between a group of people who share a common interest or issue
Term
Using internet's network groups (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) to network and communicate between consumers and businesses, friends, family & neighbors
Definition
social networking
Term
cyberbullying
Definition
Willful and repeated harm, inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices.
Term
A type of electronic aggression
Definition
cyberbullying
Term
electronic aggression
Definition
Any type of harassment or bullying via e-mail, chatroom, instant messaging, a website/blogs, texting, or videos/pictures posted on websites or sent through cell phones
Term
Online Health communities (OHCs)
Definition
online environments in which users interact with one another around a set of common interests or shared purpose related to health
Term
Discussion boards, chat, virtual environments, email, IM
Definition
Online Health communities (OHCs)
Term
Newman et al. (2011) – Know the 6 goals for using social networks and Online Health Communities
Definition
Emotional support
Motivation
Advice
Impression management
Building & shaping the network
Term
Most commonly cited goal for interacting with others around health among P’s in their struggles to lose weight & manage diabetes
Definition
Emotional support
Term
People w/same struggles provided positive & encouraging responses
Definition
Emotional support
Term
Counted on for rapid response at any time of day or night
Definition
Emotional support
Term
Significant goal in driving people’s health-related interactions online
Definition
Emotional support
Term
Participants sought to engage with others in order to remain accountable for making progress w/health goals
Definition
Emotional support
Term
Sharing one’s progress in sticking to a plan in a way that was visible to others
Definition
Emotional support
Term
Inspiration via specific role models, others who had achieved their weight loss goals or had successfully managed their diabetes
Definition
Motivation
Term
Competing w/someone perceived as similar who would handle situations similarly (e.g., family member w/ AD
Definition
Motivation
Term
Virtual gifts to create reciprocal system of encouragement w/redeemable points
Definition
Motivation
Term
Critical components of online interactions around health
Definition
Advice
Term
Act as a health-enhancing goal
Definition
Impression management
Term
Concerns about self-presentation often acted as a constraint on info-sharing to further other goals
Definition
Impression management
Term
Activities to build & shape their support networks to ensure access to the “right” people to help w/goals
Definition
Building & shaping the network
Term
Citizens of the U.S. do not yet have a
Definition
constitutional right to health care
Term
Canada Health Care delivered through
Definition
a publicly-funded health care system
Term
Canada Health Care guided by the
Definition
Canada Health Act
Term
Canada's Gov’t assures quality of care through
Definition
federal standards
Term
Obama’s Healthcare Overhaul includes more of a focus on
Definition
preventive medicine & practices
Term
Examples of prevention in Obama’s Healthcare
Definition
Exercise to prevent obesity
Healthy diet to prevent heart disease & diabetes
Term
US Public insurance option
Definition
Funded by the US Federal Gov’t
Initially keep rates for services between Medicare and most private insurers, but potential cost-shifting to private insurers
Fear increasing socialism
Term
cultural competence
Definition
Ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures.
Term
Awareness of one's own cultural worldview
Definition
cultural competence
Term
Attitude towards cultural differences
Definition
cultural competence
Term
Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews
Definition
cultural competence
Term
Cross-cultural skills
Definition
cultural competence
Term
social determinants of health
Definition
economic and social conditions under which people live that ultimately determine their health
Term
health disparities
Definition
gaps in quality of health & HC across racial, ethnic, sexual orientation & SES
Term
Health equity
Definition
absence of persistent health differences over time, between racial and ethnic groups.
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
Term
global burden of disease
Definition
Comprehensive assessment of mortality and morbidity due to diseases, injuries and risk factors for all regions of the world
• Examples: HIV & AIDS, TB, malaria, CVD, etc.
Term
Within the same country, health is tied to
Definition
social disadvantage
• Glasgow, Scotland: Life expectancy= 54, Lenzie, Scotland= 82 (few miles away)
Term
Koh (2010) – The four lenses for viewing health disparities
Definition
By disease
By population
By risk factor
By geography
Term
viewing health disparities by disease examples
Definition
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
HIV/AIDS
Diabetes
Term
viewing health disparities by population examples
Definition
Race/ Ethnicity
Socioeconomic position
Gender
Age
Term
viewing health disparities by risk factor examples
Definition
Substance abuse (including tobacco)
Diet and weight
Vaccination status
Screening status
Term
viewing health disparities by geography examples
Definition
Urban versus rural
Developed versus developing countries
Neighborhood segregation
Term
The goal of the syringe exchange program
Definition
to reduce (and eventually eliminate) the transmission of blood-borne pathogens, such as HIV and Hep C, among drug users
Term
__ out of 10 who share needles test positive for HIV
Definition
9
Term
Can be stationary or mobile
Definition
syringe exchange program
Term
Safe injection sites
Definition
provide materials and safe environment specifically for injection drug users; typically stationary.
Term
NASEN’s Three-Fold Mission
Definition
• Support syringe exchange programs via technical & financial assistance programs
• Expand & support the network of individuals & orgs interested in syringe exchange as an effective public health intervention
• Distribute information related to syringe exchange & disease prevention
Term
Pros of syringe exchange programs
Definition
Helping users to get treatment
Testing, vaccination, education
Cost- effective & less burden on HC system
Increase crime rate
Term
Cons of syringe exchange programs
Definition
Increase drug use
The principle of the programs
Spread diseases
Effects on the community
Term
endemic area
Definition
A geographical region where a particular disease is prevalent
Term
examples of of endemic areas and their diseases
Definition
Haiti (e.g., cholera)
South Africa (e.g., HIV & AIDS)
Latin America & Africa (e.g., Yellow Fever)
Term
epidemic
Definition
Affecting or tending to affect a disproportionately large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time.
Term
Occurs when the incidence rate of a certain disease substantially exceeds what is "expected," based on recent experience.
Definition
Epidemic
Term
pandemic
Definition
Epidemic of an infectious disease that spreads through human populations across a large region, such as a continent.
Term
Example of pandemic
Definition
AIDS
Term
emerging infection
Definition
An infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and threatens to increase in the near future
Term
Examples of emerging infections
Definition
SARS, AIDS, pandemic flu (strains)
Term
Reasons for emerging infections
Definition
Microbial adaption (strains)
Changing human susceptibility (immunocompromised)
Climate & weather change (insect vectors & humid conditions)
Changing human demographics & trade
Economic development
Breakdown of public health (Haiti—poor sanitation)
War & famine
Term
global health diplomacy
Definition
Multi-level & multi-stakeholder interaction between health and foreign policy
Term
Goals of global health diplomacy
Definition
Security development
Global public goods
Trade
Human rights
Ethical/moral reasoning
Term
Geographic & Information Systems (GIS)
Definition
Collection of science and technology tools used to manage geographic relationships and integrate information.
Term
Helps us analyze spatially-referenced data and make well-informed decisions based on the association between the data and the geography.
Definition
Geographic & Information Systems (GIS)
Term
Refers to both the software and hardware that make up the system of digital databases and layered maps.
Definition
Geographic & Information Systems (GIS)
Term
GIS plays an important part in
Definition
health promotion and protection.
Term
What can GIS do?
Definition
Integrate many different types of data
Term
With GIS we can easily:
Definition
Draw maps and visualize spatial distributions
Edit and alter existing data
Accurately measure distances and areas
Overlay maps of different areas
Internet GIS for public access
Term
How is GIS applicable to public health?
Definition
Research Tools and Planning
Spatial Decision Support Systems
Emergency Response Systems
Term
GIS with Research Tools and Planning
Definition
Constructing mathematical models
Service planning and optimisation
Making predictions
Term
GIS with Spatial Decision Support Systems
Definition
Infrastructure – roads, towns, services
Census – population statistics
Medical resource (hospitals, clinics, available beds)
Term
GIS with Emergency Response Systems
Definition
Medicare records, 911 services
Disease registers systems
Term
Limitations of GIS
Definition
Communication Gaps between epidemiologists & spatial professionals
Require uniform data standards
Privacy issues and spatial aggregation
Term
The main federal agency charged with the enforcement of safety and health legislation:
Definition
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
Term
What does OSHA do?
Definition
Assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women
Setting and enforcing standards
Providing training, outreach, education and assistance
Term
An injury that occurred without anyone intending harm; injuries that were unplanned or not intended to happen
Definition
Unintentional Injuries
Term
Examples of Unintentional Injuries
Definition
Motor vehicle crashes
Fires
Drownings
Term
Leading Causes of Death in the Home
Definition
1. Poisonings
2. Falls
3. Drownings
4. Burns
Term
More than ______ deaths from injury each year
Definition
180,000
Term
Persons at high-risk should be screened for HIV
Definition
annually
Term
CDC Recommendations for HIV and Pregnant Women
Definition
Included in routine panel of prenatal screening tests
Repeat screening in the third trimester is recommended
Term
Pros to Omitting Pretest Counseling
Definition

 Those who test positive will receive in-depth posttest counseling

Saving time for both the patient and the health care workers

Cheaper because you can see more patients and you don’t have to hire trained counselors

Term
Cons of Omitting Pretest Counseling
Definition

 

Providers may feel that they are not providing thorough care

People are uneducated about the disease and the testing and why its important

Stigma attached to HIV testing

Term
False positive test happens ____ of the time- both the rapid and traditional
Definition
67%
Term
Occupations or circumstances for mandatory HIV testing
Definition
Health Care professionals
Food service
Athletes
Sanitation workers
Law enforcement
Term
The seven indicators that a particular patient may be a victim of human trafficking
Definition
The patient is accompanied by another person who seems controlling;
The accompanying person insists on giving health in- formation;
The patient has visible signs of physical abuse
The patient acts unusually fearful or submissive
The patient does not speak English;
The patient has recently been brought to this country from Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, Canada, Africa, or India; and/or
The patient lacks a passport, immigration, or identification documentation.
Term
Examines how major pharmaceutical companies determine which health problems are publicized and researched.
Definition
Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies Control Illness (2006) by Jacky Law
Term
Encompasses the largest players in the pharmaceutical industry
Definition
Big Pharma
Term
Largest industries in the pharmaceutical industry
Definition
Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Monsanto, Pfizer, etc.
Term
Marketing of pharmaceutical products that is directed toward patients and not healthcare professionals
Definition
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTC)
Term
Responsible for Direct-to-Consumer Advertising
Definition
FDA
Term
Primary ethical issue with Direct-to-Consumer Advertising
Definition
Influence the prescribing of prescription meds based on consumer demands; however, they may not be medically necessary.
Term
Modern slavery still exists in society under the name of
Definition
Human Trafficing
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