Term
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Definition
| Providing for the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their needs. Providing healthy, resource-conserving, energy-efficient buildings. "Green" building. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustainable building; energy-efficient building |
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Term
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Definition
| Sustainability must be addressed on a life-cycle basis, from the origins of the materials for a building, through the manufacture and installations of these materials and their useful lifetime in the building, to their eventual disposal when the building's life is ended |
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Term
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Definition
| The total life cycle energy expended in extraction of raw materials, processing, fabrication, and transportation of material or product to its point of use in a building; in some calculations, may also include energy required to dispose of or recycle the material |
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Term
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Definition
| Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design; rating system |
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Term
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Definition
| Within each category, points toward a building's overall assessment of sustainability |
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Term
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Definition
| The Green Building Initiative |
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Term
| Green Home Building Guidelines |
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Definition
| National Association of Home Builders |
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Term
| National Green Building Standard |
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Definition
| International Code of Council and National Association of Home Builders' jointly developed |
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Term
| Advanced Energy Design Guides |
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Definition
| American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers' |
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Term
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Definition
| Set goals for reductions in energy consumption in new buildings that exceed current national standards |
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Term
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Definition
| A building that consumes no more energy than it produces, usually when measured on an annual basis to account for seasonal differences in building energy consumption and on-site energy production |
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Term
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Definition
| A building that causes no net increase in the emission of carbon dioxide, the most prevalent atmospheric greenhouse gas |
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Term
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Definition
| Funding of off-site activities that reduce global carbon emissions, such as planting trees |
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Term
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Definition
| Governing the types of activities that may take place on a given piece of land, how much land can be covered by buildings, how far buildings must be set back from adjacent property lines, how many parking spaces must be provided, how large a total floor area may be constructed, and how tall the buildings may be |
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Term
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Definition
| Local governments regulate building activity; protect public health and safety by setting minimum standards for construction quality, structural integrity, durability, livability, accessibility, and fire safety |
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Term
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Definition
| Standardized codes that local jurisdictions may adopt for their own use as an alternative to writing their own |
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Term
| National Building Code of Canada |
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Definition
| Published by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes; the basis for most of that country's provincial and municipal building codes. |
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Term
| International Building Code (IBC) |
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Definition
| The predominant model code; published by International Code Council; first unified model building code in U.S. history |
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Term
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Definition
| Building-code-related information; distinguish various degrees of need for safety in buildings |
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Term
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Definition
| List of Type I construction; Top: highly fire-resistant, noncombustible materials. Bottom (V): combustible wood framing |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure in hours, for various parts of our proposed office roofs above |
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Term
| Nonbearing Walls or Partitions |
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Definition
| Carry no load from above, listed in third line, gives fire resistance rating requirements for exterior walls of a building based on their proximity to adjacent buildings |
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Term
| Heavy Timber Construction |
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Definition
| Large wooden members that are relatively slow to catch fire and burn |
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Term
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Definition
| Tabulated fire resistance ratings for common building materials and assemblies |
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Term
| International Residential Code (IRC) |
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Definition
| A simplified model code specifically addressing the construction of detached one- and two-family homes and townhouses of limited size |
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Term
| Americans with Disabilities (ADA) |
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Definition
| Makes accessibility to public buildings a civil right of all Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes accessibility to multifamily housing a civil right of all Americans |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate the design of entrances, stairs, doorways, elevators, toilet facilities, public areas, living spaces, and other parts of affected buildings to ensure that they are accessible and usable by physically handicapped members of the population |
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Term
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) |
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Definition
| Controls the design of workplaces to minimize hazards to the health and safety or workers |
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Term
| Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) |
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Definition
| Limitations on the amount that building products can release into the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| A private organization that establishes specifications for materials and methods of construction accepted as standards throughout the U.S. |
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Term
| American National Standards Institute (ANSI) |
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Definition
| A privatve organization that develops and certifies North American standards for a broad range of products |
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Term
| National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) |
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Definition
| U.S. Department of Commerce; sponsor research and establish standards for building products and systems |
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Term
| Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC) |
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Definition
| National Research Council Canada; sponsor research and establish standards for building products and systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Producers of lumber and wood products |
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Term
| Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) |
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Definition
| "Masterformat" for organizing information about construction materials and systems |
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Term
| Construction Specifications Canada (CSC) |
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Definition
| "Masterformat" for organizing information about construction materials and systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Cover the broadest possible range of construction materials and buildings systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Broadly defined divisions further divided, each describing a discrete scope of work usually provided by a single construction trade or subcontractor |
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Term
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Definition
| Two organizational systems that offer a range of alternative organizational schemes suitable to other phases of the building life cycle and other aspects of building functionality |
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Term
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Definition
| The owner first hires a team of architects and engineers to perform design services, leading to the creation of drawings and technical specifications |
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Term
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Definition
| Collectively design/bid/build; comprehensively describe the facility to be built |
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Term
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Definition
| Coordinating and overseeing the overall construction process but frequently relying on smaller more specialized subcontractors |
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Term
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Definition
| Perform significant portions or even all of the construction work |
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Term
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Definition
| One entity ultimately assumes responsibility for both design and construction; begins with owner developing a conceptual design or program that describes the functional or performance requirements of the proposed facility but does not detail its form or how it is to be constructed |
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Term
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Definition
| Participates in the project prior to the onset of construction, introducing construction expertise during the design stage |
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Term
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Definition
| An owner contracts with a single entity that provides not only design and construction services, but financing for the project as well |
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Term
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Definition
| The owner, architect, and contractor are all joint members |
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Term
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Definition
| The contractor or other construction entity is paid a fixed dollar amount to complete the construction of a project regardless of that entity's actual costs |
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Term
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Definition
| The owner agrees to pay construction entity for the actual costs of construction |
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Term
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Definition
| Each major phrase in the design and construction of a building is completed before the next phase begins |
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Term
| Phased Construction (Fast Track Construction) |
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Definition
| Aims to reduce the time required to complete a project by overlapping the design and construction of various project parts |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of horizontal bars represent the duration of various tasks or groups of tasks that make up the project |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of tasks that determines the least amount of time in which a project can be completed |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for analyzing collections of task and optimizing the project schedule to minimize the duration and cost of a project |
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Term
| Teaming, Concurrent Design, Integrated Practice, Alliancing |
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Definition
| Combine efficient project delivery methods with innovations in team member relationships in a variety of ways, with the aim of aligning all parties' efforts with the shared goal of a finished product of the highest possible quality and value to the owner |
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Term
| Building Information Modeling (BIM) |
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Definition
| The computerized, three-dimensional modeling of building systems |
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Term
| Computer-aided Design (CAD) |
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Definition
| Two-dimensional representation of building system characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| The trunk of a tree covering; inside is a layer of living bark composed of hollow longitudinal cells that conduct nutrients from the leaves to the roots and other living parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Very thin layer; creates new bark cells toward the outside of the trunk and new wood cells toward the inside |
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Term
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Definition
| The thick layer of living wood cells inside the cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner edge of this zone where sapwood dies progressively |
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Term
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Definition
| A small weak zone of weak wood cells that were the first year's growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural component of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance that binds together cellulose; softer cementing substance |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction of the long axes of the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger and less dense in wood |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller and more dense wood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wood from coniferous wood |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood from broadleaf trees |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large longitudinal cells in softwoods |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small percentage of radial cells in softwoods; function is the storage and radial transfer of nutrients in softwoods |
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Term
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Definition
| Longitudinal cells; small diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport the sap of the tree |
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Term
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Definition
| Wood from forests that are managed for their long-term ecological sustainability and economic viability |
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Term
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Definition
| Lengths of squared wood for use in construction |
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Term
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Definition
| Circular saw or bandsaw; reduce the log to untrimmed slabs of lumber |
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Term
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Definition
| How to obtain the maximum marketable wood from each log and uses hydraulic machinery to rotate and advance the log in order to achieve the required succession of cuts |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of dividing the log that produces the maximum yield of useful pieces and therefore the greatest economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Lumber characterized by a tendency to wrap or distort during seasoning, to vary in surface appearance, and to erode relatively quickly and unevenly when used in applications such as floors and exterior siding |
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Term
| Quartersawn, riftsawn, edge-sawn |
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Definition
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Term
| Edge-grain/vertical grain |
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Definition
| Lumber in which annual growth rings run more consistently perpendicular to the pieces' wider faces; tend to remain flat despite changes in moisture content |
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Term
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Definition
| After the tree is cut, water that starts to evaporate; the first to leave the wood; held in the cavities of the cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Held within the cellulose of the cell walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| When lumber's moisture content of 15 percent, labeled "MC 15" |
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Term
| Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) |
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Definition
| The moisture content at which it is expected to arrive in the completed, conditioned building |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unseasoned; weaker, heavier, less stable than seasoned |
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Term
|
Definition
| More economical than air drying; faster, fewer distortions and more uniform quality |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moisture Shrinkage along the length of the log |
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Term
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Definition
| Shrinkage in radial direction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shrinkage around the circumference |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lumber made smoother and more dimensionally precise |
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Term
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Definition
| Rough; available commercially and is used for many purposes |
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Term
| Surfaced Four Sides (S4S) |
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Definition
| Surfaced on all four sides |
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Term
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Definition
| Often hardwoods, leaving two edges to be finished by the craftsman |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indicates that the piece of lumber was surfaced (planed) when in seasoned (dry) condition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| One or more discontinuities in its structure |
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Term
| Manufacturing Characteristics |
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Definition
| One or more discontinuities created at the mill |
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Term
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Definition
| Places where branches joined the trunk of the tree |
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Term
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Definition
| Holes left by loose knots dropping out of the wood |
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Term
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Definition
| May or may not affect the useful properties of the piece of lumber depending on whether the organisms are still alive in the wood and the extent of the damage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Crooking, bowing, twisting, cupping |
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Definition
| Nonuniform shrinkage (4 different types) |
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Term
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Definition
| Higher the grade, higher the price; offers the architect and engineer the opportunity to build as economically as possible by using only as high grade as is required for a particular use |
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Term
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Definition
| Trained inspectors examine each piece for ring density and for growth and manufacturing characteristics, then judge it and stamp it with a grade in accordance with industry-wide grading rules |
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Term
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Definition
| An automatic device assesses the structural properties of the wood and stamps a grade automatically on the piece; flexing each piece between rollers and measuring its resistance to bending |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| In inches, "one by two" 1X2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Written with inch marks; 3/4" (19mm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pieces of lumber less than 2 inches in nominal thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| Pieces ranging from 2 to 4 inches in nominal thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| Pieces nominally 5 inches and more in thickness |
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Term
|
Definition
| How lumber is priced in the United States; nominal dimensions, not actual; defined as a solid volume 12 square inches in nominal cross-sectional area and 1 foot long |
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Term
| Glue-laminated Wood (Glulam) |
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Definition
| Large structural members are often produced by joining many smaller strips of wood together with glue |
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Term
| Finger Jointed/ Scarf Jointed |
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Definition
| End joints between individual pieces; allow glue to transmit tensile and compressive forces longitudinally from one piece to the next within a lamination |
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Term
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Definition
| Substitute composite laminated veneer lumber for the usual solid wood top and bottom laminations in the beam |
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Term
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Definition
| Structural capacity is increased by gluing a thin strip of high-strength Fiber-Reinforced Plastic |
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Term
| Structural Composite Lumber (Engineered Lumber) |
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Definition
| Products are substitutes for solid lumber made from wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue |
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Term
| Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) and Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL) |
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Definition
| Made from shredded wood strands, coated with adhesive, pressed into a rectangular cross section, and cured under heat and pressure (the wood strands used in the manufacture of LSL are longer than those used in OSL) |
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Term
| Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) |
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Definition
| Made from thin wood veneer sheets, as wide as the member is deep, that are glued and laminated into thicker members |
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Term
| Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) |
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Definition
| Made from long, thin strips of wood veneer glued and pressed in a process similiar to that for LSL and OSL, but with the veneer strips arranged more uniformly parallel than the strands in those other products |
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Term
| Structural Finger-jointed Lumber |
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Definition
| Short lengths of solid lumber scrap are finger-jointed and glued end-to-end into longer lengths |
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Term
| Wood-plastic Composite (WPCs) |
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Definition
| Products are made from wood fibers and plastics of various types, mixed with other ingredients which are then heated and pressed, extruded, or injection-molded into final form |
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Term
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Definition
| Blends of plastic and wood |
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Term
| Plastic Lumber/Recyle Plastic Lumber (RPL) |
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Definition
| Lumberlike products with a plastic content of 50% or more |
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Term
| Structural-grade Plastic Lumber |
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Definition
| Most commonly made from high-denisty polyethylene reinforced with glass fibers, can be formulated to be at least as strong as conventional solid wood, though less stiff and more prone to long-term creep under permanent loads |
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Term
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Definition
| Products that fall into 3 categories: plywood, veneer, composite panels |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made up of thin layers of wood veneer glue together; odd number of layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Two parallel face veneers bonded to a core of reconstituted wood fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| OSB, Particleboard, Fiberboard |
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Term
| Oriented Strand Board (OSB) |
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Definition
| Made of long strands of wood compressed and glued into three to five layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Panel made of large flakes of wood that has been largely replaced by OSB |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of smaller wood particles than OSB or waferboard that are compressed and bonded into panels |
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Term
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Definition
| Very fine-grained board made of wood fibers and synthetic resin binders intended for interior uses only |
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Term
| Medium-density Fiberboard (MDF) |
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Definition
| Fiberboard; MDO is plywood panels |
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Term
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Definition
| Logs are soaked in hot water to soften the wood |
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Term
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Definition
| To produce a flatter, smoother surface surface without significantly reducing their structural performance |
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Term
| Medium-density Overlay (MDO)/High-density Overlay (HDO) |
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Definition
| Plywood finished with a resin-treated overlay on one or both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| Veneers for hardwood plywoods intended for interior paneling and cabinetwork are usually sliced from square blocks of wood |
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Term
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Definition
| Analogous to quartersawn lumber; much tighter and more interesting grain figure than rotary-sliced |
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Term
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Definition
| Determined by lab load testing and is given on the gradestamp on the back of the panel |
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Term
| Exposure Durability Classification |
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Definition
| Structural wood panels: Exterior, Exposure 1, and Exposure 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin, dense panel made of highly compressed wood fibers; residential siding and roofing |
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Term
| Insulating Fiberboard Sheathing |
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Definition
| Low-density panel, usually 1/2 or 3/4 inch thick, made of wood or vegetable fibers and binders, and coated with asphalt for water resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Panels made from finely processed recycled paper waste and are used for wall sheathing, acoustical isolation, carpet underlayment, and even structural roof decking |
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Term
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Definition
| Panels made from birch, maple, poplar, or alder veneers, are popular for use in cabinetry and other interior finish carpentry |
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Term
| Fire-retardant Treatment (FRT) |
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Definition
| Accomplished by placing lumber in a vessel and impregnating it under pressure with certain chemical salts that greatly reduce its combustibility |
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Term
| Preservative-treated Wood |
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Definition
| Where decay or insect resistance is required that is exposed to moisture in outdoor structures or that is used in areas of high termite risk |
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Term
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Definition
| Oily derivative of coal that is widely used to treat wood in engineering structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| Impregnated as an oil solution, wood treated with it cannot be painted |
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Term
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Definition
| This latter term refers to fire-retardent and preservative treatments |
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Term
| Chromate Copper Arsenate (CCA) |
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Definition
| Imparts greenish tint; toxic not commonly used |
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Term
| Alkanline Copper Quat (ACQ) and Copper Boron Azoles (CBA and CA) |
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Definition
| Compounds that rely primarily on high concentrations of copper for their preservative properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Only be used above ground in applications; least toxic to humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Drives the preservative chemicals deeply into the fibers of the wood |
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Term
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Definition
| Improve absorption, some wood species are punctured with an array of small cuts in the wood's surface |
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Term
| Kiln-dried After Treatment |
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Definition
| Lighter, more stable, and a better choice for finish work or where appearance is important |
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Term
|
Definition
| Higher numbers correspond to more intensive preservative treatment and stability for more severe exposures |
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Term
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Definition
| A comprehensive listing of wood species and their relative decay-resistence |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharp-pointed metal pins that are driven into wood with a hammer or a mechanical nail gun |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Flat heads and are used for most structural fastening in light frame construction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Even smaller in diameter and are used to fasten finish woodwork, where they are less obtrusive than common nails |
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Term
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Definition
| Abbreviated "d;" in the United States; the size of a nail |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made of plain, uncoated steel |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nails exposed to the weather should be of a corrosion-resistent type |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizontal nail against grain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nailing through two pieces of wood; one against grain, other with grain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diagonal nailing like end nail |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nails made of more slender wire; a bit shorter than a 10d common nail |
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Term
|
Definition
| Same diameter as the equivalent common nail, but shorter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nails jointed in linear arrays for swift loading into the magazine of the nail gun |
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Term
|
Definition
| Various types of U-shaped, gun-driven _____ used in construction |
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Term
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Definition
| Required predrilled pilot holes into which the screw is interested and then tightened with a screwdriver |
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Term
| Self-drilling Wood Screws |
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Definition
| Do not require predrilled pilot holes and can be installed more quickly with power screwdrivers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Large screws for heavy structural connections |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relatively slender and brittle screws, not suitable for structural applications |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mainly used for structural connections in heavy timber framing and in wood light framing for fastening ledgers, beams, or other heavy applications |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inserted under the heads and nuts of bolts to distribute the compressive force from the bolt across a greater area of wood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in conjunction with a bolt and is inserted in matching circular grooves in the mating pieces of wood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in factory-produced lightweight roof and floor trusses, inserted into wood with hydraulic presses, pneumatic presses, or mechanical rollers and act as metal splice plates, each with a very large number of built-in nails |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plate devices manufactured for strengthening common connections in wood framing |
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Term
|
Definition
| A more chemically stable exterior adhesive |
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Term
|
Definition
| For both roof and floor construction small, highly efficient plants in every part of North America |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for framing of both roofs and floor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dimension lumber and wood structural panels lend themselves readily to many forms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sections of framing, usually 4 feet |
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Term
| Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) |
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Definition
| Sheets joined firmly together by either a stiff plastic foam core |
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Term
| Stressed-skinned Panel (SSP) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Whole sections of walls or floors are framed and sheathed in the factory, and then trucked to the construction site and rapidly installed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Home located and is transported on a conventional flat-bed tractor trailer; not wider than 14 to 16 feet to allow for transportation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mobile home; is built on its own permanent, towable chassis and is designed to comply with a federal building code administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development |
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Term
| Wood Light Frame Construction |
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Definition
| Uniquely American building system; the closely spaced vertical members used to infill the walls of a heavy timber building frame were themselves sufficiently strong that the heavy posts of the frame could be eliminated |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wood framing system to be constructed exclusively of slender, closely spaced wooden members |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brick on each floor line that block fire from spreading to the upper floors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Universal standard; loadbearing walls are erected, second-floor platform is built upon these walls and a second set of walls upon this platform, attic and roof are built upon the second set of walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| A facing layer of boards or panels that join and stabilize the pieces into a single structural unit, ready for application of finish materials inside and out |
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|
Term
| Headers/Rim Joints/ Band Joists |
|
Definition
| In a floor structure, the parallel pieces are the floor joists, and the crosspieces at the ends of the joists are called |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a wall structure, the parallel pieces |
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Term
|
Definition
| The crosspiece at the bottom of the wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| The crosspiece at the top (which is doubled for strength if the wall bears a load from above) |
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Term
|
Definition
| In a sloping roof, the rafters are headed off by the top plates at the lower edge of the roof and this at the peak |
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Term
|
Definition
| Usually must be double to support the higher loads placed on them by the presence of the opening |
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Term
|
Definition
| In walls, ___ head off the bottoms of window and door openings, while trimmer studs on the sides provide support to loadbearing headers across the tops |
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Term
|
Definition
| Created by lateral forces such as wind |
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Term
| Permanent Wood Foundations |
|
Definition
| Can be constructed in any weather by the same crew of carpenters that will frame the building; they are readily insulated in the same manner as the frame of the house they support; and they easily accommodate the installation of electrical wiring, plumbing, and interior finish materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| Are prepared for major connections in the building system |
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Term
| Architectural Floor Plans |
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Definition
| Serve to indicate the locations and dimensions of walls, partitions, and openings |
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Term
|
Definition
| Show the outside faces of the building with vertical dimensions or elevations indicated as required |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cut completely through the building, showing the dimensional relationships of the various floor levels and roof planes and the slopes of the roof surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prepared for kitchens, bathrooms, and other rooms with elaborate interior features |
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Term
|
Definition
| The erection of a typical platform frame |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made of preservative-treated wood for added resistance to insects and moisture, is bolted to the foundation as a base for wood framing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consisting of solid blocking or wood or metal crossbracing inserted between joists at midspan or at intervals not exceeding 8 ft |
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Term
|
Definition
| To short lengths of lumber inserted between framing members for any of a variety of purposes, such as bracing, reinforcing, or providing solid backing where fasteners are required for attachment of finish materials or equipment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Headers rest on shortened studs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trimmer/Jack Studs are nailed to full-height |
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Term
|
Definition
| The bottom of a window opening |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rough sill is supported by |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| To prevent the walls from pulling up off the foundation or floor platform |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most panels that are nonstructural rely on ____ bracing |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Two edges that lay out the rafter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Trigonometric complexity in rafter layout |
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Term
|
Definition
| The head carpenter lays out only one rafter of each type by these procedures; from which other carpenters trace and cut the remainder of the rafters |
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Term
| Advanced Framing Technique (Optimum Value Engineering) |
|
Definition
| Special attention is given to minimizing the use of redundant or structurally unnecessary wood members, thereby reducing the amount of lumber required to construct the frame and, once the frame is insulated, increasing it thermal efficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in platform frame buildings because of their speed of erection, economy of material usages and long spans |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light platform frame; are erected with the aid of a small crane that often is attached to the truck on which the trusses are delivered |
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Term
|
Definition
| The head carpenter lays out only one rafter of each type by these procedures; from which other carpenters trace and cut the remainder of the rafters |
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|
Term
| Advanced Framing Technique (Optimum Value Engineering) |
|
Definition
| Special attention is given to minimizing the use of redundant or structurally unnecessary wood members, thereby reducing the amount of lumber required to construct the frame and, once the frame is insulated, increasing it thermal efficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used in platform frame buildings because of their speed of erection, economy of material usages and long spans |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light platform frame; are erected with the aid of a small crane that often is attached to the truck on which the trusses are delivered |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stacks pieces of material |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bricks, stones, or concrete blocks |
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Term
|
Definition
| A thin, flat steel tool, either pointed or rectangular, provided with a handle and held in the hand, used to manipulate mastic, mortar, plaster, or concrete. Also, a machine whose rotating steel blades are used to finish concrete slabs |
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Term
|
Definition
| Serves to cushion the masonry units, giving them full bearing against one another despite their surface irregularities |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made of portland cement, hydrated lime, and inert aggregate, and water |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slaked Lime, Hydrated Lime |
|
Definition
| The quicklime is then slaked by allowing it to absorb as much water as it will hold, resulting in the formation of calcium hydroxide |
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|
Term
| Blended Hydraulic Cements |
|
Definition
| ASTM C595, blends of portland cement with other cementitous materials, such as blast furnace slag, that may be used in place of ordinary portland cement alone in the cement-lime mortar mix |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proprietary formulations that may contain portland cement or blended hydraulic cements, lime, or other plasticizing ingredients and other additives |
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|
Term
| Air-Entraining Admixtures |
|
Definition
| Masonry cement mortars are formulated with ____ that result in a higher air content in the cured mortar than cement-lime mortar |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blends of portland cement, lime, and other additives |
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Term
|
Definition
| Four basic types that are distinguished primarily by differences in strength: Type N, S, O, M |
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Term
|
Definition
| The quantities of ingredients used to prepare the mix are specified |
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Term
|
Definition
| Comprehensive strength and other properties of the hardened mortar as determined by laboratory testing are defined |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cements that cure by chemical reaction with water |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lime cement, unlike modern hydraulic cements |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mortars with lime as the sole cementing ingredient cure through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| How hydraulic cement mortars cure, not by drying |
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Term
|
Definition
| With water, to make the mortar workable again |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Allows the mortar to be mixed in large batches and kept for as long as 72 hours before it must be discarded |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produced by a large number of relatively small, widely dispersed factories from a variety of local clays and shales |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relatively moist clay (20-30%) is pressed into simple rectangular molds, either by hand or with the aid of molding machines |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bricks with a relatively smooth, dense surface because the molds were dipped in water to prevent clay from sticking |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for clays that shrink excessively during drying |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Clay containing 12 to 15% water is passed through a vacuum to remove any pockets of air, then extruded through a rectangular die |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stacking bricks in a loose array, called a clamp, covering the clamp with earth or clay, building a wood fire under the clamp, and maintaining the fire for a period of several days |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bricks adjacent to the fire; often overburned/ distorted |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fixed Structure that is loaded with bricks, fired, cooled, and unloaded |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher productivity; special railcars to emerge at the far end fully burned |
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|
Term
| Water Smoking and Dehydration |
|
Definition
| The first stages of burning which drive off the remaining water from the clay |
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Term
|
Definition
| The temperature rises to 1800 to 2400 degrees Fahrenheit and the clay is transformed into a ceramic material |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The fire is regulated to create a reducing atmosphere in the kiln that develops color variations in the bricks |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Dimensioned to construct walls in modules of 4 inches horizontally and 8 inches vertically |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Has the same face height as a standard modular brick, but because it is longer, its in-the-wall cost per square foot is about 25% higher because of the higher proportion of mortar |
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Term
|
Definition
| Intended for both structural and nonstructural uses where appearance is important |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used where appearance doesn't matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| Facing bricks and building bricks |
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Term
|
Definition
| Circles, rectangular cut in brick, 75% solid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 60% void in brick; used primarily to enable the insertion and grouting of steel reinforcing bars in single wythes of brickwork |
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|
Term
| Paving Bricks (ASTM C902) |
|
Definition
| Used for paving of walks, drives, and patios and must conform to special requirements not only for freeze-thaw resistance, but water absorption and abrasion resistance as well |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used for lining of fireplaces or furnaces |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Firebricks laid in very thin joints |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Establishes minimum requirements for comprehensive strength and water absorption |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Defines limits on the variation in size, distortion in shape, and chippage (extent of physical damage to face or visible corners) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A vertical unit of masonry that is one masonry unit thick |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A brick laid with its face parallel to the wall and its long dimension horizontal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to bond wythes together into a structural unit |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Used for caps on garden walls and for sloping sills under windows, although such caps and sills are not durable in severe climates |
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Term
|
Definition
| For visual emphasis; bricks in such locations such as windows lintels or tops of walls; brick laid on its end with its face parallel to the wall |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has header course every 6th course; head joints are aligned between the header and stretcher courses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternates headers and stretchers in each course |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Alternates courses of headers and stretchers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| On the exterior of buildings, single outside wythe |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists entirely of stretchers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| In masonry work, a corner or wall end accurately constructed with the aid of a spirit level to serve as a guide for placing the bricks in the remainder of the wall |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A strip of wood marked with the exact course heights of masonry for a particular building, used to make sure that all the leads are identical in height and coursing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| L-shaped blocks at each end of a mason line to locate end of the line precisely at the top of each course of bricks |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The laying of infill bricks between the leads is much faster and easier because the mason needs only a trowel in one hand and a brick in the other |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Joints that shed water and resist freeze thaw damage better than the others |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Indoors, can be used if desired to accentuate the pattern of bricks in the wall and deemphasize the mortar |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrochloric acid, brick walls are later given a final cleaning by scrubbing with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Of reinforced concrete, reinforced brick, or steel angles are all equally satisfactory from a technical standpoint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ancient structural device of limited spanning capability, one that may be used for small openings in brick walls, for beam branches, and for ornaments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural form so widely used and so powerful, both structurally and symbolically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Of wood or steel, a mason can lay a brick arch very rapidly |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The area of flat wall that adjoins the arch, is slow to construct because many of its bricks must be cut to fit |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Each brick is rubbed to the required wedge shape on an abrasive stone, which is laborious and expensive |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| In a wall of Flemish bond brickwork arch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An arch translated along a line perpendicular to its plane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| An arch rotated about its vertical centerline |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Strong, stable forms, lateral thrusts sufficiently tied |
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|
Term
| Reinforced Brick Masonry (RBM) |
|
Definition
| Analogous to reinforced concrete construction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Analogous to self-consolidating concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The masonry is constructed to a height not greater than 4 feet before grouting, taking care to keep the cavity free of mortar squeezeout and droppings, which might interfere with the placement of the reinforcing and grout |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The wall is grouted a story at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To resist the hydrostatic pressure of the wet grout, the wythes are held together by galvanized steel wire _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An opening at the base of a masonry wall through which mortar droppings and other debris can be removed prior to grouting the interior cavity of the wall |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A corner reinforcing of cut stone or bricks in a masonry wall, usually done for decorative effect |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The level at which the pressure of water in the soil is equal to the atmospheric pressure; effectively, the level to which groundwater will fill an excavation; a wood molding or shaped brick used to make a transition between a thicker foundation and the wall above |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A gray or white powder, composed principally of calcium silicades, which, when combined with water, hydrated to form the border in concrete, mortar, and stucco |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structural material produced by mixing predetermined amounts of cement, aggregated, and water allowing this mixture to cure under controlled conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inert particles, such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone, or expanded minerals, in a concrete, mortar, or plaster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gravel or crushed stone in a concrete mix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sand used in concrete, mortar, or plaster mixes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hardening of concrete, plaster, gunned sealant, or other met materials. Can occur through evaporation of water on a solvent, hydration, polymerization, or chemical reactions of various types, depending on the formulation of the material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process by which cements combine chemically with water to harden |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The thermal energy given off by concrete or gypsum as it cures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shrinkage of concrete, mortar, or plaster that occurs as excess water evaporates from the material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fused, pebblelike mass that is an intermediate product of cement manufacture; a brick that is overburned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain ingredients that cause microscopic air bubbles to form in the concrete during mixing. Bubbles improve workability during placement of the concrete and, greatly increase the resistance of the cured concrete do damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A portland cement that is white in color; used for architectural concrete where greater color control is required |
|
|
Term
| High-Volume-Fly-Ash Concrete (HVFA) |
|
Definition
| A concrete in which a high percentage of cementing substance is fly ash rather than portland cement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low-density aggregate used to make lightweight concrete, mortar, and plaster; in concrete, aggregate with a density of less than 70 lb/ft^3 (1120 kg/m^3) |
|
|
Term
| Structural Lightweight Aggregate |
|
Definition
| Lightweight aggregate with sufficient density and strength for use in structural concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structural lightweight aggregate made from ground shale particles that have been heated to the point that moisture within the particles vaporizes, causing the particles to expand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expanded Mica, used as an insulating fill or lightweight aggregate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expanded volcanic glass, used as a lightweight aggregate in concrete and plaster and as an insulating fill |
|
|
Term
| supplementary cementitious material (SCM) |
|
Definition
| Hydraulic cementious material or pozzolan mixed with portland cement to modify the cement product's properties or lower the energy required to manufacture the cement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A supplementary cementitious material that has few or no inherent cementitious with calcium hydroxide released by other cementitious materials to create a hydraulic cement product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dust collected in the stacks of coal fired power plants, used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete and mortar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very firmly divided silicon dioxide, a pozzolan used as an admixture in the formulation of high-strength, low-permeability concrete; also called Microilica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high reactivity metakaolin |
|
Definition
| A white-colored natural pozzolan that enhances appearance, workability, and hardened properties of concrete |
|
|
Term
| blast furnace slag, slag cement |
|
Definition
| A hydraulic cementitious material formed as a byproduct of iron manufacture, used in mortar and concrete mixtures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cementitious materials that harden by reacting with water and whose hardened products are not water soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydraulic cement made from a mixture of cementitious materials such as Portland cement,other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if material other than cementitious material, water, and aggregates included in the mixture for the purpose of altering one or more properties of the mixed material, either in its plastic working state or after it has hardened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| admixture that causes a controlled quantity of stable microsopic air bubbles to form in concrete or mortar during mixing, usually for increasing workability, and resistance to freezerthaw conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concrete admixture that allows a reduction in the amount of mixing water while retaining the same workability, resulting in higher strength concrete |
|
|
Term
| high-range water-reducing admixture, superplasticizer |
|
Definition
| an admixture that makes wet concrete or grout exteremly fluid without additional water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an admixture that causes concrete or mortar to cure more rapidy |
|
|
Term
| shrinkage-temperature steel |
|
Definition
| re-bars laid at right angles to the principal bars in a one-way slab for the purpose of preventing excessive cracking caused by drying shrinkage or temperature stresses in the concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending of a slab or deck in which bending stresses are approximately equal in the two principal directions of the structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An upright rebar in a concrete column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device for holding two parts of a construction together; a structural device that acts in tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it single loop of steel bar, usually bent into a rectangular configuration, used to tie a concrete column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuous coil of steel reinforcing used to tie a concrete columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short fibers of glass, steel of polypropylene mixed into concrete to act as either microfiber reinforcing, or microfibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In concrete, fibrous reinforcement against plastic shrinkage cracking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In concrete, fibrous reinforcement capable of providing resistance to drying shrinkage and thermal stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the initial tension in the steel rebars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concrete that has been pretensioned or posttensioned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compressing the concrete in a structural memeber by pouring the concrete for the member around stretched, high-strength steel strands, curing the concrete,and releasing the external tensions force on the strands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A slight, intentional initial curvature in a beam or slab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A posttensioning strand that is glanced along a curbing profile that approximates the path of the tensile forces in a beam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if pretensioned strand pulled up and down in the formwork to make a downward pointing/ or flathead V shape in each member that approximates the shape of a draped tenon |
|
|
Term
| ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) |
|
Definition
| concrete with draped tenon compressive strength of as high as 30.000 psi and exhibiting even usable tensile strength |
|
|
Term
| light transmitting concrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An admixture used to slow the curing of concrete, mortar, or plaster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Admixture for concrete that improves the plasticity of wet material to make it easier to place in forms and finish |
|
|
Term
| Shrinkage-reducing Admixture |
|
Definition
| A concrete additive that reduces drying shrinkage and the cracking that results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concrete admixture intended to prevent oxidation of reinforcing bars |
|
|
Term
| Freeze Protection Admixture |
|
Definition
| A concrete or mortar additive, used to allow curing under conditions of low ambient temperature |
|
|
Term
| Extended Set-Control Admixture |
|
Definition
| A substance that retards the onset of the curing reaction in concrete or mortar so that the material may be used over a protracted period of time after mixing |
|
|
Term
| Water-Cement Ratio, w-c Ratio |
|
Definition
| An expression of the relative proportions, by weight, of water and cement in a concrete mixture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Daniel was too lazy to look it up. Good luck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concrete mixed in a drum on the back of a truck as it is transported to the building site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Put concrete in a cone->flip->measure vertical change-> index of its working consistency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A watery mixture of insoluble materials with a high concentration of suspended solids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Separation of the constituents of wet concrete caused by excessive handling or vibration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A flexible hoselike tube for placing concrete; used to break the fall of the concrete and prevent segregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In freshly pour concrete, eliminate trapped air and cause the concrete to fill completely around the re-bars and into all the corners of the formwork, usually by vibrating concrete |
|
|
Term
| Self-consolidaiting Concrete (SCC) |
|
Definition
| Concrete formulated so that it is highly flowable and fills framework completely without needing consolidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structures, usually temporary, that serve to give shape to poured concrete and it support it and keep it moist as it cures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance applied to concrete formwork to prevent concrete from adhering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process in which concrete is cast into reusable forms at an industrial plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concrete is poured into forms that are erected on the job site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concrete work into which sited bars have been embedded to impart tensile strength to the construction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hot-rolled, deformed steel bars used to impart tensile strength and ductilibility to concrete structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steel re-bars with surface ribs for better bonding to concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Welded Wire Reinforcing (WWR) |
|
Definition
| A welded grid of steel reinforcing wires or bars, used most commonly for reinforcing of slabs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcing bar that lies close to the bottom of a beam or slab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In concrete, a specified thickness of concrete surrounding steel re-bars to provide full embodiment for the bars and protect them against fire and corrision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The adhesive force between mortar and masonry units, or the pattern in which masonry units are laid to the two or more wythes together into a structural unit; concrete and the adhesion between the surface of a rebar and concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A semicircular bond in the end of a rebar, made for the purpose of anchoring the end of the bar securely into the surrounding concrete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vertical loop of steel bar used to reinforce of concrete beam against diagonal tension forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A open-top, u-shaped loop of steel bar used as reinforcing against diagonal tension in a concrete bar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Full rectangular loops of steel that wrap all the way around the longitudinal bars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A device used to support re-bars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long chair used to support re-bars in a concrete slab |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The structural action of a slab that spans between two parallel beams or bearing walls |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
