Term
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Definition
| E.O. Wilson "Diversity of Life", it is an extinction of an entire community. |
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Term
| Example: Ecological Holocaust |
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Definition
| Centinelan Ridge, Ecuador; "Centinelan extinction" an out of sight ecological hemorrhage involving species not even discovered yet. this makes it difficult to estimate extinction rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| extinction involving a single species |
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Definition
| the extinction of the passenger pigeon due to over-exploitation |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest, best known events are the end-permian and cretaceous-tertiary. There have been 6. |
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Term
| Average rate of extinction |
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Definition
| average extinction per year is 1.0-0.1 per million species and the average lifespan of a species is 10^6-10^7 years |
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| Human impact on rate of extinction |
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Definition
| increasing rate of extinction to 2,000 times greater |
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Term
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Definition
| group of interacting individuals whose population dynamics are independent of other such groups |
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Term
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Definition
| group of interbreeding individuals with sufficient genetic exchange to prevent evolutionary divergence |
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Term
| factors that put an individual at risk of extinction |
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Definition
| rarity, environmental change, and conflict with humans |
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Term
| Environmental change extinction: Example |
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Definition
| Heath Hen wiped out by forest fires, because its population had become restricted in distribution |
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Term
| deterministic population model |
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Definition
| they behave precisely as described mathematically, with no chance elements (exponential, geometric, and logistic) |
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Term
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Definition
| a more realistic type of model, outcomes depend on chance occurrences, birth rates, death rates, immigration and emigration. |
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Term
| demographic stochasticity |
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Definition
| random variation in birth, death, and reproductive rates in small population |
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Term
| environmental stachasticity |
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Definition
| random variation in parameters that determine habitat quality (climate, nutrients, water availability) |
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Term
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Definition
| random variation in the gene frequencies of a population due to a genetic drift, bottleneck, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| patchily distributed population with occasional dispersal between patches. A "population of populations" |
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Term
| classifications of metapopulations |
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Definition
| Classic metspopulation, core-satellite metapopulation, patchy population, source-sink, non-equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bay checkerspot butterfly, pool frog and butterfly melitaea cinxia occur in disjunct habitat with frequent extinctions and recolonization |
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Term
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Definition
| morgan hill is source population of Bay Checkerspot Butterfly for outlying patches of serpentine soil |
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Term
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Definition
| the estimation of extinction probabilities by analyses that incorporate identifiable threats to population survival into models of extinction process |
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Term
| three different kinds of PVA |
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Definition
| Count-based, demographic, and spatially structured |
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Term
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Definition
| population needed for 95% chance of surviving for 100 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Eastern Barred Bandicoot and the grizzly bear |
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Term
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Definition
| an example is the effect on the Great Tits in Holland; they reproduced poorly due to shortage of calcium that they got from snails, whose population crashed due to acid rain |
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Term
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Definition
| inert gases produced in large quantities by humans as refrigerants, aerosols in deodorants, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| passive entry of chemicals into bodies of organisms following concentration gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of non-biodegradable chemical substances in animal tissue via both bioconcentration and ingestion to levels that are higher than in environment |
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Term
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Definition
| increased concentration of persistent substances via consumption across multiple trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which natural landscape broken up into small parcels of natural ecosystems isolated from each other in matrix of lands dominated by humans activities |
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Term
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Definition
| control of organisms lower in trophic web by predation, herbivory of organisms higher in the trophic chain |
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Term
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Definition
| control as the resource/food-limitation by organisms lower in the trophic chain, which can influence length of food chains |
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Term
| natural experiment on top-down effects |
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Definition
| Lago Guri- was damned, forming isolated forest fragments, large predators gone and the density of rodents and monkeys increased and density of seedlings reduced. |
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Term
| invasive species extinction example |
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Definition
| brown tree snake caused extinction of 10 native birds in Guam ecosystem shift to spiders as main consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| substituting new ecosystem type |
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