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Conservation Ecology Final
CE
48
Biology
Undergraduate 4
12/07/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Irreplaceability
Definition
Measured by endemism
Term
Vulnerability
Definition
measured by the amount of habitat lost 
Term
Conservation strategies
Definition

  1. Reactive: focus on vulnerable habitats
  2. Proactive: focussing on less vulnerable habitats

Term
Ecoregions
Definition

regions of land or ocean that contain distinct assemblages of species and share majority of thier speceis

(crude estimate: 825)

Term
Crisis Ecoregions
Definition

More than 20% of habitat already lost

(305 of 825)

Term
Global 200 Eco-regions (G200)
Definition
WWF selected areas based on species richness, endemism, taxonomic uniqueness, unusual phenomena, and global rarity of habitat type
Term
Gap Analysis
Definition

(Madagascar)

 

Using several variables in order to establish a map of species distribution, habitat types, and conservation gaps.

Works to better preserve areas

Term

Madagascar

 

endemic paradise

Definition

90% plants

99% frogs

Lemurs

75% all species endemic

Term
Madagascar Conservation
Definition

Original: 5 million acres preserved

Goal: 15 million acres

 

Analysis looked at 6 species groups, showing best overlap to protect most

Selecting for single species does shitty job protecting all other species

 

List combined and that established best plan.

Term

 

Population Viability Analysis (PVA)

 

Minimum Viable Population (MVP)

 

Definition

1. use of quantitative methods to predict future 

population status

 

2. smallest isolated population with some defined 

probability of survival

 

Term
Population Variability Analysis
Definition

Predicting the likely outcomes of a population

Uses quantitative methods to make this prediction

Ex: Grizzly Bear in Yellowstone

 

 

Term
PVA Variability
Definition

 

•Demographic: survival and reproduction

•Environmental: changes in b/d rate from envi

- temporal

- spatial

•Individual

 

  • Sampling and process variation

 

 

Term
PVA uses
Definition

 

  1. assessing risk of one pop: Grizzly
  2. assessing risk of 2 plus pops: salmon
  3. analyze/synthesize monitoring data: determine delisting of gray whale
  4. guiding management by showing lifestages/demographic processes as management targets: Sea Turtles and nets
  5. Guiding management to determine habitat size in order to prevent extinction: elephants
  6. Guiding management to determine inividuals released to establish new pop: bearded vulture
  7. Calc sustainable harvest: ginseng
  8. # pops needed to avoid extinction: southern spotted owl

 

Term
PVA GOOD
Definition

  • Makes strong political arguments 
  • Good to quantify and make cost/benefit decisions/arguments

Term

Contingent Valuation

Problems:

Benefits

Definition

Willingness to Pay for a species

(Imaginary)

  1. Survey Bias 
  2. Embedding Effect: ecosystem not thought of
  3. warm glow effect: more likely to pay when you dont have to
  4. How do you pick what species to pay for?
  • Useful in politics because it shows a "value" despite its many problems

Term
Ecosystem Values
Definition

  1. Direct: goods (fish, water, crops...)
  2. Indirect: services (water storage, pollination, nutrient cycling...)
  3. Option: future uses (agriculture, leisure, water use...)
  4. Nonuse: Intrinsic Significance (biodiversity, cultural...)

Term

GDP: gross domestic product

ISEW: Index of sustainable economic welfare

GPI: Genuine Progress indicator

Definition

  1. All goods and services
  2. GDP (minus) environmental damages
  3. GDP (minus) all negative impacts of country: health, crime, env damages 

Term
USA GDP
Definition

Increasing GDP without any progress with GPI (health, crime, happiness)

Happy because we are doing better than others (richer)

Term
Kuznets Curve
Definition

Inequality/Income per capita Hump

  • Development: 
  1. Initial rise of econ progress: very damaging to env
  2. At certain point (threshold): cleaning begins, able to afford env conservation
  3. Developed Nations: able to conserve easily and counteract effects
  • Problems: most damaging acts of developed countries are forced on to developing countries: computer wast (ghana) and CO2 emissions 
  • Most developed are not the least hurtful because they are the most demanding
  •  

Term
GPI Adoption
Definition

  • Need stable per capita consumption
  • Stable population size
  • GDP would be stable (non-growing non-decling economy)

Term

Conservation Solutions

ESA

Definition

1973: ESA

  • protection of all listed species no matter cost
  • Restore endangered species
  • Designate critical habitat and plan for recovery
  • Federal agencies cannot destroy critical habitats but private can with permits

Term
ESA major amendments 
Definition

 

  1. God Squad: created in order to allow exemption of species from protection in special casses (Snail Darter, won protection)
  2. Landowners can include conservation plans in other areas in order to make up for use of critical habitats

 

Term
Umbrella Species
Definition
Species that when protected indirectly protect many other species 
Term
Listing Process
Definition

  • Secretary of the Interior Initiate listing
  • collect info with public input (time and money)
  • Candidates ranked (251 candidates) and notice for intent to list released
  • Final listing must be made within year of intent
  • Less then half of species delisted because of recovery and 9 because of extinction and rest because of taxonomic changes

Term
ESA Problems 
Definition

  1. Taxonomic omissions: no fungi added
  2. Financial Disincentives: changed logging for 80 year old trees to 40 year old trees, screwing future woodpeckers.  
  3. Abuse of listing delays 
  4. Species listed to late (reaction vs proactive): species can't recover naturally
  5. Endangered and threatened have little distinction: only endangered protected
  6. Too many populations listed (mammals: several pops of same species protected individual) 
  7. Doesn't work: Only 12 delisted b/c of recovery

Term
ESA Pros
Definition

  1. Sp with critical habitat are more than twice as likely to improve
  2. sp with plans will significantly recover
  3. proportion of sp recovering have increased with increasing time listed

Term
ESA Changes
Definition

  1. More prompt listing
  2. More funding for basic science
  3. Updated recovery plans
  4. more funding for FWS and NMFS
  5. Protect unoccupied habitat

Term
Captive Breeding
Definition

 

  • Last ditch effort
  • Very expensive
  • Condor Project: most expensive in history and reintroduction
  • Reintroduction: placed in historical range (grey wolf/condor)
  • Augmentation: Eggs, raising and reintroduction (Sea Turtles)
  • Introduction of species into non historic area: Kakapo flightless parot

 

Term

CITES

Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species

Definition

  • Regulates trade of species (or products from them) on the list
  • Must be problem in order to protect species (reactive)
  • Genetic Evidence (Whale Meat)
  • Relies by country enforcement and no CITES police

Term

IUCN

International Union for the Conservation of Nature

Definition

  1. More comprehensive
  2. Includes quantitative criteria for listing
  3. honored in 140 different countries
  4. 1000 membered organizations

Term
IUCN Red List
Definition

  1. Based on quantitative criteria
  2. Biased on birds/mammals (90-100% evaluated) (Insects only .1%)
  3. Listing doesnt offer protection but can be used as endangered spp list

Term
IUCN Protected Area: Management Catagories
Definition

 

  1.  a. Strict Nature Reserves                b. Wilderness Areas
  2. National Parks
  3. Natural Monuments 
  4. Habitat management Area
  5. Protected Landscape
  6. Managed Resource Area

 

Term

Convention on Biological Diversity

Goals

Definition
  1. Conserving diversity
  2. Sustainable use 
  3. Fair and equitable trade: Sharing of the proceeds from utilizing genetic diversity
  4. Makes BD an integral part of Development of countries
  5. Main driver of increasing protection of land
  6. Compared to protection of US by ESA
Term

Convention on Biological Diversity 

Non-members

Definition

 

  1. Andorra
  2. The Holy See
  3. USA

 

Term
Nature Conservancy 
Definition

  • Works in 30 countries
  • one of the most trusted natural organizations
  • Protects 17 million acres in US
  • 1.28 billion revenue 
  • Pioneered new conservation techniques (conservation Easements)

Term

Conservation Easements

 

Advantages for conservation orgs

Definition
  1. Easements transfer to new owners
  2. Cheaper than buying property
  3. Conserves a wider range of properties
  4. avoids management costs
Term

Conservation Easements

 

Advantages for land owners

Definition

  1. Preserves desired land use on property
  2. Continued ownership and use of property
  3. Financial: can be sold, may reduce property, income, and estate taxes

Term
Land Trust
Definition

  1. Agreement where the trustee holds ownership for piece of prop or rights of prop for the benefit of the beneficiary
  2. Makes sure that development does not happen (legally responsible of land conservation)

Term
Bundle of Rights
Definition
Rights of property ownership
Term
Americans Farm Bill
Definition

  1. $300 billion
  2. New tax incentives for conservation easements 
  3. Greater tax refunds
  4.  (30-50)
  5. Passed in 2008
  6. 5.4 billion to conservation

Term
Biosphere Reserves
Definition

  1. Run by UNESCO
  2. 131 reserves in 5 countries
  3. Usual already reserves but they add in human influence
  4. Three functions
  • conservation of bio diversity
  • Development: association of env with devel
  • Logistic support: international network for research and monitoring 

Term
USAid
Definition

  1. aid given to implant sustainability in developing countries
  2. Komodo Dragon Conservation programs in southern indonesia have improved living for locals because of biosphere reserve
  3. Parks benefit not burden

Term
Community Based Wildlife Management 
Definition

  • Zambia: elephant poaching big problem;
  • locals hired as scouts;
  • park service employees live in communities
  • workers employed from villages
  • Revenue split with local communities
  • Decisions are made with all stake holders
  • Rapid improvement and therefore system used throughout area

Term
Future of Conservation 
Definition

  1. Battles won but war lost
  2. People care about nature but not enough
  3. contact with nature is declining
  4. Funding is problem
  5. new legal framework needed (ESA from 1970)
  6. No good approach to preserving ecosystems
  7. systematic crisis
  8. restoration

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