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Definition
| use of resources in a sustainable way by humans for humans |
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| advocacy of allowing some cland creatures to exist without human intervention |
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| a movement concerned with the impact of humans on the environment, esp on air and water quality |
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| field studying the relationships b/w organisms and the physical and biological environment |
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| scientific study of the nature, causes, and interactions, and solutions to global scale impacts of humans on bio systems |
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| Romantic-transcendental Preservation Ethic |
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Definition
| John Muir. communion with nature brings people closer to God. morally superior to cutting down timber or grazing livestock. high premium on establishing parks |
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| Resource Conservation Ethic |
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Definition
| Gifford Pinchot. Nature consists of natural resources to be used for greatest good by largest number of people . dichotomy between humans and nature. advocacy of wide use of natural resources |
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| Evolutionary-ecological Land Ethic |
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Definition
| Aldo Leopald. humans are just one product of evolution, not distinct from evolutionary creation. value of species is intrinsic and instrumental. very fundamental to field of conservation biology |
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| what is conservation biology? |
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Definition
applied science of maintaining Earth's biological diversity.
application of biology to the care and protection of plants and animals to prevent their loss or waste |
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Definition
| the structural and functional variety of all life forms at genetic, population, species, community, and ecosystem levels of organization |
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| biological species concept |
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Definition
| group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups under natural circumstances |
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| reproductive species isolation |
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Definition
| phenomenom in which populations come to be so isolated from other populations that they essentially cease to enounter and thus cease to exchange genes |
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| cladistic species concept |
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Definition
| species grouped by number of shared, derived traits rather than primitive ones. the more similarities two entities have, the more closely they are related |
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| found only in a certain area |
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| function of all elements in proper proportions and ecological processes at appropriate rates. emphasizes whether all elements present |
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| health. includes elements of physical environment ex. soil erosion, sedimentation,etc |
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| potential to maintain something over time. for example, maintaining natural resources( timber, water,fisheries) |
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| independent of value to humans |
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Definition
| to humans. economic/scientific/educational/ecological |
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| strategic value( flagship,umbrella, indicator) |
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Definition
flagship species- beloved species(Giant Panda)
Umbrella species- surrogate for other species by needing large area
Indicator species- species responsive to environmental degredation |
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Term
| what have we learned from effort to catalog species richness? |
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Definition
- lots of diversity to be lost
- we still know very little about what is the diversity of species on this planet
- most of our interest focuses on species most closely related to us, not on most diverse or representative species
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Term
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Definition
- more species in mainland areas vs. islands
- more species in low latitudes(tropics) vs higher latitudes
- more species at low elevations vs. mountains
- more species in wetter climates vs. dry
- more species where plant productivity is greatest
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Term
| intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
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Definition
| species richness greatest at intermediate levels of disturbance ( such as fire, flooding,disease,draught) |
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Term
| rarity(restricted habitat, restricted population abundance, restricted geographic range) |
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Definition
rarity threatens persistence of population and species
restricted habitat:restricted in habitat but have locally abundant populations
restricted geographical range: restricted to few habitats or endemic to specific site |
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Definition
| area rich in species, rich in endemic species, and species threatned by humans |
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Definition
| positive feedback of different factors for extinction: genetic factors, demographics, birth rates, death rates |
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Definition
| group of organisms interacting with each other and with physical environment at given point in time and space. fuzzy boundaries |
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Definition
| group of ecosystems with greatst plant similarity index. multiple eco-regions per biome. 6 eco regions in Louisiana |
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| ecological impacts disproportionally greater tahn their area |
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Definition
| idea is to save species and other forms of bio-diversity by saving examples of all ecosystems |
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Definition
| focuses on particular species that need individual protection |
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| Clementsian view of ecosystems |
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Definition
| ecosystems are tightly connected, synergistic systems of closely co-evolved species plus environment( aka. belief that they are real) |
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Definition
| ecosystems are haphazard, loosely structured assemblage of species, temporarily sharing region. species interact, but often weakly |
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| two species fullfilling the same function in an ecosystem |
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| species that has disproportionately large effect on ecosystem compared to its abundance or biomass |
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Definition
contribute to intrinsic values
emphasize "functional" aspects of bioDiversity |
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Definition
topdown, indirect effect of predator impacting lower trophic level
ex. predators help plants by eating herbivores |
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Definition
| regions coding for particular gene, such as a protien product) except identical twins and clones |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| describes frequency of alleles that persists indefinitely in population, as long as it doesn't evolve it |
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Definition
| proportion of genes at which the average individual is heterozygous |
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Definition
| proportion of loci in a population that are significantly polymorphic. locus not considered polymorphic if p=96% |
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Definition
| small size that a population experiences following a crash( or upon colonizing a new area). results in loss of heterogeneity and loss of rare alleles. |
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Definition
| random change in gene frequencies that results in finite population due to "sampling" of genes represented in previous generations by small number of individuals that breed generation after generation; effect of staying in bottleneck |
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Term
| effect of population size on genetic variability |
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Definition
| smaller population size results in faster decline in genetic variation |
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Term
| effecitve population size( Ne) |
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Definition
| number of individuals of an ideal population( in which all individuals mate with all others)that has same magnitude of random genetic drift as that actual population censused. assumptions of ideal population:sexually reproducing, non-overlapping generations, constant population size, equal number of males and females, etc. need to correct for assumption violation. |
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Definition
| loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
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Definition
| mating and breeding by relatives. probability that two copies of same allele are identical in an individual due to descent from a recent common ancestor |
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Definition
| reduced reproductive success and/or survival due to inbreeding. leads to expression of poor genetic traits in individual homozygous for recessive traits. ex. sickle-cell anemia |
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Definition
| mating between two different species.genes of rare species often get diluted by matings outside the group |
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Term
| effects of hybridization( negative and positive) |
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Definition
beneficial: plant hybrids are often fertile, help maintain genetic variability via introgression
negative effects similar to swamping effect of common species on rare one in animals |
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Definition
| movement of new genes into a population via hybrid matings |
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Definition
| loss of fitness resulting from breeding by two different or more differentially adapted populations or races of the same species. offspring likely to have poor fitness when the local populations have co-adapted gene complexes that are broken up by matings among differentially adapted local populations |
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Term
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Definition
| Variant forms of an enzyme that are coded for by different alleles at the same locus . slightly different protiens |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| chain refers to cycles of copyimg more and more versions of a shrot nuclear DNA segment. Allows genotyping individual animal |
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Term
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Definition
| distinctive regions of repetitive DNA sequences . repeated sequences 10-100 base pairs-- can be highly variable among individuals, this allowing fingerprinting |
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Term
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Definition
| short sequences of tandem repeats of only 2-4 nucleotides in length |
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| applications of satellite markers and DNA fingerprinting |
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Definition
used in forensic work
paternity tests
useful for gene flow in local populations |
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Definition
| powerhouses that have own DNA inherited maternally within cytoplasm of egg cells. circular, relatively small molecule. tends to evolve sequence differences in populations rapidly and independently compared to nuclear DNA. |
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Definition
| populations with reduced gene flow that have geographically distinctive mitochondrial DNA groupsperson's individual footprint of all tested genetic markers. Even the difference of a single genetic marker delineates a distinct haplotype. |
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Definition
| information representing parents of all offspring produced in a small, trackable population |
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Term
| starch gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
| uses electric current applied to protiens placed in starch gel so as to seperate them( based on slight deferences in their electric charge and shape) and to reveal them using stains. |
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Term
| Population variability analysis |
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Definition
| estimation of extinction probabilities by analyses that incorporate identifiable threats to population survival into models of the extinction process. evolved out of risk assessment based on probabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| behave precisely as described mathematically, with no chance elements. not entirely realistic |
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Definition
| having property that outcome of model depends at least in part on chance occurances. modeled using random numbers. esentially all PVAs are stochastic |
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Term
| demographic stochasticity |
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Definition
| random variation in birth, death, and reproductive rates in small population |
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Term
| environmental stochasticity |
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Definition
| random variations in parameters that determine habitat quality( climate, nutrients, pollutants, prey availability, etc.). usually link one or more demographic variables to environmental/habitat variables. |
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Definition
| extreme form of environmental stochasticity( failure to breed following a hurricane,etc) |
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Definition
| random variation in gene frequencies of a population due to genetic drift, bottlenecks, inbreeding,etc. |
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Term
| minimum viable population |
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Definition
| population needed for 95% chance of surviving 100 years. Soule's rule of thumb: population should be in several thousands to have 95% probability to survive 100 years |
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Term
| sucess stories based on PVA |
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Definition
Eastern Barred Bandicoot- in 1989, PVA predicted population would go extinct in 10 years. actions taken helped predator control, planting of cover, captive breeding program.
Grizzly Bear- PVA predicted adult female death rate,but now population is increasing due to better protection of mother cubs |
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Term
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Definition
- most models based on poor empirical estimates of basic population parameters
- models rarely tested for accuracy or realism in controlled lab settings
- too simplistic
- rarely set up to assess the impact of humans indirectly on populations
- long-term population projections may be risky due to long term changes in environment
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Term
| recommendations for future PVAs |
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Definition
1. use models to evaluate relative rather than absolute rates of extinction
2. don't form policy based just on absolute extinction values from models
3. use short term period projections
4.use models to compare outcomes of different scenarios
5. use models to diagnose causes of population decline |
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Term
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Definition
| extinction of entire community( coined by E.O. Wilson) |
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Definition
| out of sight ecological hemorrhage. Species that have not yet been observed by scientists going extinct. Makes it difficult to estimate extinction rate |
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Definition
| extinction of a single species |
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Term
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Definition
extinction is normal. six mass extinctions in fossil records...largest, best known Permian and Cretaceous-Tertiary
humans causing 7th mass extinction |
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Term
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Definition
habitat loss
invasive species
pollution
population of humans
overexploitation |
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Term
| background rate of extinction |
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Definition
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